CT 

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ROE 
OF TH 

NATIONS 

ALSHOUSE 




EVEBYCHILD'S SERIES 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS 
ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN & CO., Limited 

LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. 

TORONTO 



EVERYCHILD'S SERIES 

HEROES 
OF THE NATIONS 



BY 

HERMAN S/ALSHOUSE 

PRINCIPAL AND TEACHER OF HISTORY, PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL 
SAXTON, PA. 



WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY BERT VALENTINE 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
1915 

All rights reserved 



cJ°V 



Copyright, 1915, 
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up and electrotyped. Published November, 191 5. 



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Nortuooti i^rcss 

J. S. Cushing Co. —Berwick & Smith Co. 

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



NOV II 1915 

CLA416328 



Dear Girls and Boys : 

You have been working away with the queer, 
crooked marks printed in books until now you 
know how to read. How many splendid stories 
are waiting for you ! To be sure they are locked 
up in books, but whoever can read has the magic 
key which opens the books. Will you enjoy this 
book ? That depends upon what you like. Some 
of these stories are about girls and boys. Most 
of them learned to read and write, though their 
languages were very different from ours. They 
enjoyed fine stories as you do. Brave Joan of 
Arc could not read ; but she could pray ; and 
her prayers saved France. 

Of course you love your mother and father 
very dearly, and they love you. So you will 
understand why Ulysses went to war rather 
than hurt his baby boy. Suppose you had rid- 



vi HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

den a wild horse, wouldn't your father have 
been frightened just as Alexander's father was ? 
And I am sure you trust your father as lovingly 
as Walter Tell trusted his. 

Perhaps you have a good friend with whom 
you spend much time and have many adven- 
tures. Then you will not be surprised to read 
of friends who were loyal to each other one or 
two thousand years ago. I wonder if you will 
be friends to each other as long as were David 
and Jonathan or Roland and Oliver. 

Many of you have taken long journeys, have 
enjoyed seeing curious things, have wished you 
might manage an aeroplane. Here you will read 
of little Alfred's long journey to Rome and of 
the boy Marco Polo, who went to China. How 
would you like to see such a clock as Haroun's ? 
What is the difference between the boy Colum- 
bus watching the ships and you dreaming about 
the aeroplane ? 

In every land brave, intelligent girls and boys 
have lived. They have helped to make their 
countries free and brave. Every child in the 
United States who does a brave deed, who stands 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS vii 

for the right, is helping our country to be more 
truly 

" The land of the free and the home of the brave." 

Hoping that this book will help to make you 
better American citizens, 

Your citizen friend, 

THE EDITOR. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Joseph, a Story of Forgiveness .... 1 

Moses, the Freer of His People and Lawgiver . 14 

David, the Shepherd Boy Who Became King . 26 

Ulysses, a Story of Patience 38 

Alexander, Who Conquered the World . . 51 

Two Stories of Rome 61 

William Tell 66 

Roland and Oliver . 76 

Alfred the Great and Good 88 

King Canute 98 

Robert Bruce . 102 

Joan of Arc 112 

Haroun al Raschid 121 

Marco Polo . . 128 

Columbus, the Finder of a World .... 130 

The People Columbus Found 143 

The Flag of the Free 152 



IX 



2 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

loved Joseph more than he loved them ; and they 
began to hate Joseph. 

One night the boy had a dream. It seemed 
to him that he and his brothers were out in 
the fields. The grain had been cut and they 
were raking it and tying it into sheaves. The 
sheaf Joseph made stood up and the sheaves his 
brothers made came and bowed down before his 
sheaf. 

Joseph told this dream to his brothers. It 
seemed to them that he thought himself better 
than they were ; his dream made them hate him 
still more. 

How Joseph Was Sold into Egypt 

Some time later Joseph's brothers led their 
father's flock to another place where there was 
more grass for the sheep to feed upon. 

One day Jacob called Joseph to him and said 
to the boy, who was now seventeen, "Go now, see 
whether it is well with your brothers and well 
with the flock, and come back and tell me." 

When Joseph got to the place he found that 
his brothers had gone on farther. He went on 



JOSEPH, A STORY OF FORGIVENESS 3 




"Behold this Dreamer Cometh." 



to them. When his brothers saw him coming, 
wearing the coat of many colors that his father 
had made for him, they said to one another : "Be- 



4 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

hold this dreamer cometh. Let us kill him and 
cast him into a pit, and we will say that some wild 
beast has devoured him;". 

A pit is a dry well and there were many of them 
in that place. 

Then the oldest brother said, "Let us cast him 
into the pit but let us not kill him." He thought 
he could come later and take Joseph out. As soon 
as Joseph came up, they took his coat from him 
and cast him into a pit. 

A little while later some men came riding by 
on camels on their way to Egypt. One of Joseph's 
brothers said, "Let us sell the dreamer to these 
men as a slave." The brothers took Joseph out 
of the pit and sold him to these men for twenty 
pieces of silver. Joseph was taken into Egypt 
and sold to one of the king's officers. 

Jacob Mourns His Lost Son 

The oldest brother had gone away and had 
not known about the selling of Joseph. When 
he came to the pit and found Joseph gone, he was 
very sad and wished that he had tried some other 
way of saving his brother. 



JOSEPH, A STORY OF FORGIVENESS 5 

The other brothers took Joseph's coat and 
dipped it in the blood of a goat and brought it 
to their father, saying they had found it. Jacob 
knew the coat and said : " It is my son's coat. A 
wild beast has devoured him." For many days 
he mourned and would not be comforted. 

Years passed and they heard nothing about 
Joseph. Most of his brothers were married and 
had children of their own. Benjamin was now a 
young man. He was now the one Jacob loved 
best. 

The Dreamer Explains the Dreams of 

Others 

After being some years in Egypt Joseph had 
been cast into prison. He had not done anything 
wrong, but the wicked wife of his master had 
said that he did. Two of the king's officers were 
in the same prison. 

One morning they looked sad. Joseph asked 
them why they looked so sad. 

"We have each dreamed a dream," they 
answered, "and there is no one to tell us what our 
dreams mean." 



6 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Joseph said : "Only with God's help can any 
one tell their meaning. But tell me the dreams." 

Each man told his dream; and Joseph gave 
their meaning. He said that in three days the 
one would be hanged and the other set free. 
In three days what he said came true. 

Joseph had asked the one that was to be set 
free to speak of him to the king, for he wanted 
to get out of prison ; but when the officer was set 
free he forgot all about Joseph. Two full years 
longer Joseph was kept in prison. 

Then it happened that the king of Egypt had 
a dream. In his dream he saw seven lean cows 
eat up seven fat ones. The king told his dream 
to all the wise men of Egypt, but there was no 
one who could explain it. 

At last the officer who had been in prison remem- 
bered how Joseph had explained his dream, and 
he told the king of it. Then the king had Joseph 
brought out of the prison. 

After telling his dream, the king asked Joseph 
to explain it. Joseph said, "Not I, but God will 
give the king an answer." And he said there 
should be seven years of plenty in which th# 



JOSEPH, A STORY OF FORGIVENESS 7 

crops should be good and then there should be 
seven years in which nothing should grow. He 
said also that the king ought to find a wise man 
and set him over the land of Egypt so that the 
wise man could gather grain during the seven good 
years and lay it up in the cities and keep it to eat 
during the seven years in which nothing should 
grow. 

Because the king knew there was no wiser man 
than Joseph, he chose Joseph himself to do this, 
and set him over all the land of Egypt. 

The Brothers Go to Buy Grain 

At last there came a year when no rain fell 
anywhere. The grain did not grow, and Jacob 
and his sons could hardly get bread enough to 
eat. The next year again the grain did not grow 
and in all the land around none could be found. 
But they heard that there was grain in Egypt. 
Then Jacob said to his sons, "Go down into 
Egypt and buy grain that we may live and not 
die." Joseph's ten brothers went down to buy 
grain, but Benjamin did not go, for Jacob was 
afraid that harm might come to him. 



8 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



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4 You are Spies.': 



JOSEPH, A STORY OF FORGIVENESS 9 

When the brothers came to Egypt it was to 
Joseph that they came to buy the grain. Now 
Joseph knew them but they did not know him. 
He did not show that he knew them, for he was 
afraid that if he told them who he was they might 
still hate him and not tell Jacob. Then he would 
not get a chance to see his father again and his 
brother Benjamin, who was but a little boy when 
Joseph had last seen him. 

To prevent their recognizing him, he spoke to 
them roughly and said, "You are spies." 

They answered: "Indeed, my lord, we are not 
spies. We have come here to buy grain, for there 
is no grain left in the land where we dwell. There 
are twelve brothers of us. The youngest is with 
our father and one is dead." 

Joseph answered and said, "Unless you bring 
your youngest brother to me that I may see 
that your words are true, you shall die." He 
kept one in prison until Benjamin should be 
brought. 

Then he filled their sacks with grain and they 
departed to return to Jacob and tell what had 
happened. 



10 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Now when they emptied their sacks, behold, 
every man's money was in his sack, and they 
knew not what to think and were afraid. Jacob 
said, "My son Benjamin shall not go down with 
you, for his brother Joseph is dead and I fear 
some harm will come to him also." 

The Brothers Go Again to Buy Grain 

When they had eaten up the grain, however, 
their father said, "Go again and buy us a little 
food." To him one of the sons replied, "The 
man said to us plainly, 'You shall not see my 
face unless your youngest brother be with you/' 

At last Jacob said, "Take your brother and 
arise; go again to this man and God give you 
mercy that he may set free your brother that is 
in prison." 

Taking a present for Joseph and money for 
the grain, the men went down into Egypt. 

When they came to Egypt they bowed them- 
selves to Joseph even to the earth as in the dream 
years before. He asked them, "Is your father 
well and is this your youngest brother of whom 
you spoke?" He then set free the one who was 



JOSEPH, A STORY OF FORGIVENESS 11 



in prison and he had them all dine with him. 
Afterwards he had their sacks filled with grain 
and the money put in each sack as before. 

How Joseph Tested His Brothers 

Because Joseph wanted to see if his brothers 
were as cruel and unloving as they had been, 
he thought out a plan. He 
put his own silver cup in the 
sack of the youngest, and 
when they had gone he told 
his servant to follow them 
and accuse them of stealing 
the cup. 

The servant overtook them 
and said, "You have stolen 
my master's silver cup." 

They said, " If it be found 
with any of us, let him die." 

They searched and found 
the cup in Benjamin's sack. Now the brothers 
were not as they had been when they sold Joseph. 
Not only did they love Benjamin but they knew 
it would kill their old father if his youngest son, 




They found the Cup 
in Benjamin's Sack. 



12 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

too, should be lost. They did not leave Ben- 
jamin as they once would have done, but went 
back with him and begged Joseph to spare the 
boy for the sake of his father. One of them, the 
same one who first had said to sell Joseph, offered 
to die in Benjamin's place. 

Joseph Makes Himself Known 

Then Joseph cried, " Cause every man to go 
out from me/' and he said to his brothers, "Come 
near"; and they came near. He said: "I am 
Joseph, your brother, whom you sold into Egypt. 
Be not sad nor angry with yourselves, for God 
sent me before you to preserve your lives. These 
two years no grain has grown and there are yet 
five years in which there shall be no harvest. 
God hath made me a ruler in Egypt. Make haste 
and go up to my father and say to him that his 
son Joseph saith, ' Come down and I will give you 
land in which to dwell and grain for the five years 
yet to come.' " 

When he had told them this, Joseph fell upon 
his brother Benjamin's neck and wept; and he 
kissed all his brothers and wept upon them. 



JOSEPH, A STORY OF FORGIVENESS 13 

Then they went home and told Jacob ; and at 
first he could not believe them; but at last he 
cried: "It is enough; Joseph my son is yet alive. 
I will go and see him before I die." 

Joseph went to meet his father and fell on his 
neck and wept. Then said Jacob, "Now I am 
ready to die since I have seen your face." 

The king of Egypt told Joseph to give the best 
of the land to his father and brothers. This he 
did. On this land Jacob lived in Egypt seventeen 
years and then died. Joseph lived to be such an 
old man that he saw his great-grandsons and held 
them upon his knee. When he was one hundred 
and ten years old he died. 



MOSES, THE FREER OF HIS PEOPLE 
AND LAWGIVER 

A King Who Knew Not Joseph 

npHE sons of Joseph and his brothers had 
other sons and these grew up and had chil- 
dren of their own. At last there were a great many 
of them. They were called the children of Israel, 
for Jacob was also called Israel. 

At last there was a new king in Egypt who did 
not like the children of Israel. He made them 
work hard and build cities for him. He was 
afraid that some time there would be so many 
of the children of Israel that they would be 
stronger than his own people. Because of this 
fear, the king gave a command that every son 
that should be born unto one of these people 
should be thrown into the river. 

The Babe in the Basket 

s Now one woman who had a baby boy thought 
of a plan to save him. Like every mother, she 

14 



MOSES, THE FREER OF HIS PEOPLE 15 



loved her child dearly; and she did not want 
him to be cast into the river. For three months 
she hid him. 

When she could hide him no longer, she made 
a basket and put the child into it and laid the 
basket among the 
weeds that grew at 
the edge of the river. 
On the bank afar off 
she left the sister of 
the child to see what 
would happen to it. 

Before long the 
daughter of the king 
came down to the 
river and found the 
basket. She opened 
it and saw the child. 
She thought she had 

never seen a prettier baby ; and, when he began to 
cry, she felt very sorry for him. The sister saw 
that the princess meant to keep the baby. Run- 
ning up, she said, "Shall I go and find some one 
to nurse him for you?" 




The King's Daughter came 
down to the rlver and 
found the basket. 



16 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



And the king's daughter said, "Go." 
Then the little sister went and brought the 
child's mother. 




Then He became a Shepherd. 

To her, the princess said, "Take this child 
and nurse it for me and I will pay you." 



MOSES, THE FREER OF HIS PEOPLE 17 

You may be sure the mother was glad to have 
her child back again. She cared for him well and 
he grew fast. After some time she took him to 
the king's daughter. The mother did not like 
to give up her boy but she dared not keep him 
and she knew that he would be treated well. 
The princess gave him the name of Moses, because 
the name means to draw out, and she had drawn 
him out of the water. 

Moses Defends His People 

As Moses grew up he learned all that the wise 
men of Egypt could teach him. But he liked 
his own people better than he did the people of 
Egypt. He was sorry for them when he saw how 
badly they were treated. 

One day Moses saw an Egyptian about to kill 
a man of Israel, and Moses killed the Egyptian. 

When the king heard of this he would have 
killed Moses, if Moses had not fled into another 
land. There he married and became a shepherd, 
keeping the flock of his wife's father. 



18 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

The Burning Bush 

One day when he had led the flock to the moun- 
tain he saw a flame of fire in the midst of a bush, 
but the fire did not burn the bush. And Moses 
turned aside to see why the bush was not burned. 

Then God called to him out of the midst of the 
bush, and Moses hid his face, for he was afraid. 

God said: "I have seen how my people who 
are in Egypt suffer. I have come down to free 
them and take them up out of the land of the 
Egyptians and to bring them unto a good land, 
a land flowing with milk and honey. Come and 
I will send you to the king of Egypt to bring 
forth the children of Israel out of his land." 

Moses answered : "Who am I that I should go ? 
I am slow of speech and cannot talk well." 

God said: "Go, and I will be with you. Take 
your brother with you and he will speak for you." 

Moses Leads His People Out of Egypt 

After hearing God's command, Moses went 
and called together the old men of Israel and told 
them how God had sent him to bring them up out 



MOSES, THE FREER OF HIS PEOPLE 19 

of Egypt. They believed and bowed their heads 
and worshiped God. 

Then Moses went to the king of Egypt and said, 
"The God of Israel says, 'Let my people go.'" 




Then Moses went to the King of Egypt. 

To this the king made answer: "Who is this 
God of Israel that I should obey him? I do not 
know him and I will not let your people go." 



20 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Because the king would not obey God and let 
them go, God punished him and the people of 
Egypt in many ways until at last the king gladly 
let them depart. 

From Egypt the children of Israel marched by 
day and by night until they reached the Red 
Sea. 

After they had gone the king was sorry that 
he had allowed them to go, for he needed them to 
build cities for him. With an army he started 
to overtake them and bring them back again 
into Egypt. 

Crossing the Red Sea 

When the children of Israel reached the Red 
Sea, they looked back and saw the king and his 
army marching after them ; and they were afraid. 
Before them was the sea with no way to cross; 
behind them, a great army. 

They cried out to Moses, " Was it because there 
were no graves in Egypt that you have brought 
us here to die?" And they complained bitterly. 

Moses said unto the people, "Fear not, for God 
will fight for you." 



MOSES, THE FREER OF HIS PEOPLE 21 

God said to Moses, "Lift up your rod and 
stretch out your hand over the sea, and the chil- 
dren of Israel shall cross over upon dry land." 

Then Moses stretched out his hand over the 
sea. And God caused a strong east wind to 
blow, which divided the waters and made a path 
through the midst of the sea. The children of 
Israel went into the midst of the sea upon dry 
land and the army of Egypt went in after them. 
When his own people had crossed, Moses stretched 
forth his hand over the sea, and the waters re- 
turned and covered the men of the army of Egypt 
and not one of them escaped. 

When the children of Israel saw this they feared 
God and believed in him and believed also in 
Moses, whom God had sent to set them free. 

The Golden Calf 

Then Moses led the people onward toward 
the land which God had promised should be 
theirs. In the third month they came to a 
mountain called Sinai. There God called Moses 
to the top of the mountain. God told him many 
laws to give to the people and gave him two tables 



22 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

of stone. On these the ten great laws or ten 
commandments were written. 

Moses was upon the mountain forty days and 
forty nights. During this time, the people said 
to the brother of Moses, "Make us gods to lead 
us, for we know not what has become of Moses." 
The brother of Moses made a golden calf, and 
the people worshiped it. 

When Moses came down from the mountain 
and saw the people dancing about the calf, he 
was so angry that he cast the tables of stone 
from his hands and broke them. He took the 
calf and burned it with fire and ground it to pow- 
der and put it in water and made the children of 
Israel drink of the water. 

God also was angry with the people, but at last, 
because he loved Moses, he called him again up 
into the mountain. He took with him two tables 
of stone, and God gave him again the ten command- 
ments and he brought them again to the people. 

Water from the Rock 

Then the people marched onward. But often 
they complained because they did not come to the 



MOSES, THE FREER OF HIS PEOPLE 23 

good land that they thought they would find. 
Once they could find no water to drink, and again 
they began to complain bitterly. 

Then the Lord said to Moses, "Take your rod 
and call the people together before this great 
rock. Then speak to the rock and it shall give 
forth water." 

Moses called the people together before the 
rock and said, "Listen now, you who complain. 
Shall I bring you forth water from this rock?" 

Speaking thus, he struck the rock twice with 
his rod. Enough water came forth for all the 
people to drink and to give their cattle to drink. 

God was not pleased with Moses for striking 
the rock. He had not done as he had been told 
to do. As a punishment, God said that Moses 
should not enter the land that had been promised 
to the people of Israel. 

After this, Moses led the children of Israel 
many years. Because the people often forgot 
God, they were not allowed to reach the promised 
land. But after the death of Moses the children 
of those who had come up out of Egypt reached 
the land. 



24 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 




He struck the Rock twice with His Rod. 



MOSES, THE FREER OF HIS PEOPLE 25 

Death and Burial of Moses 

When Moses was a hundred and twenty years 
old, God said to him, "Go up into Mount Nebo 
and I will show you the land which I shall give 
unto the children of Israel, but you yourself 
shall not enter the land." 

Moses went up into the mountain and looked 
forth and saw the promised land which for forty 
years he and his people had been seeking but had 
not found because of the sins of the people. 

After having looked upon the land, Moses, the 
servant of God, died there upon Mount Nebo. 
God buried him there by the mountain, but no 
man knows where his grave is even unto this day. 



DAVID, THE SHEPHERD BOY WHO 
BECAME KING 

The First King of Israel 

A FTER they reached the promised land the 
children of Israel for a long time had no 
one to rule over them. At last they thought they 
should like to have a king as the other nations 
had. They asked Samuel, who was a wise man 
and a prophet, to choose a king for them. And 
he chose Saul as their king. 

At first Saul ruled wisely, but later he did 
wrong. On account of Saul's sins, God was dis- 
pleased with him and was not going to allow him 
to be king much longer. God told Samuel to go 
to the home of a man named Jesse, who had eight 
sons, there to find the one who was to be the new 

king. 

David, the New King 

The youngest son of Jesse was David, a shep- 
herd boy who tended his father's sheep out on 

26 



SHEPHERD BOY WHO BECAME KING 27 

the hills. Living out of doors so much, he was 
strong and in good health. When a lion or 




The Youngest Son of Jesse was David, a Shepherd Boy. 

bear would come and steal a lamb, David would 
follow and kill the wild animal and save the little 
lamb. He was not afraid of anything, but he was 



28 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



gentle and kind and loved all of God's creatures 
and this beautiful world which God has made. 




Samuel took Oil and poured it on his Head. 

When he became a man he wrote many poems, 
or psalms, in which he praised God. One of these 
is called the Shepherd Psalm, because it starts, 



SHEPHERD BOY WHO BECAME KING 29 

"The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want/' 
It tells how God takes care of his children just 
as a good shepherd watches his sheep and leads 
them to the best and safest places. 

When Samuel came to the home of Jesse, Jesse 
made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel, 
but Samuel said, "God has not chosen any of 
these." Then Jesse sent for David, who was 
out with the sheep. When David came, Samuel 
took the oil and poured it upon his head. In 
such a manner one was made king in those days. 

David Plays for Saul 

King Saul was not happy. He knew he had 
done wrong and that God was angry with him; 
and, therefore, he was troubled greatly. 

Then his servants said to him, "Let us bring 
to you one who can play upon the harp, and it 
may be that when he plays you will become well." 

"Find such a man," said Saul, "and bring him 
to me." 

The servants sent to David; and David, who 
could play beautifully upon the harp, came to 
Saul. Every time Saul was troubled, David 



30 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

played for him; hearing David's music the king 
would forget his sins and feel better. All this 
time Saul did not know that David was to be 
king in his place. 

David Kills a Giant 

A war was going on at that time. The people 
who were fighting King Saul and his army were 
called Philistines. Their leader was a large 
strong man named Goliath, who was so large 
and tall that he seemed more like a giant than a 
man. He was dressed in heavy brass armor and 
carried a large iron spear, which made him look 
very dreadful. 

Every day he would come towards Saul's army 
and cry out: " Choose you a man and let him 
come and fight with me. If he be able to fight 
with me and kill me, then we will be your serv- 
ants. But if I kill him, then you shall be our 
servants." For forty days he came and terrified 
Saul's army. 

Now David's three oldest brothers were in 
Saul's army, and one day David's father sent 
him to his brothers with some things to eat. Just 



SHEPHERD BOY WHO BECAME KING 31 

as David came up to his brothers in the army, the 
giant came out as before. 

i When David heard him and understood the 
matter, he went to the king and begged to be 
allowed to fight with Goliath. 

Saul said, however, "You are not able to fight 
with this man, for you are but a boy. ,, 

Then David told Saul how he had killed a lion 
and a bear that had tried to steal his father's 
sheep. At last the king told him to go, and the 
king put armor on him and gave him a sword. 

Since David could not move about very well 
in the heavy armor and did not know how to use 
the sword, he took off these things. He went to 
the brook and gathered five smooth stones. Tak- 
ing these and his sling, he started out to meet 
Goliath. 

When Goliath saw David coming, just a red- 
cheeked boy with a staff in his hand, he laughed 
and mocked at him. David ran toward him with 
a stone in his sling, and threw it. The stone hit 
the Philistine on the forehead. He fell. David 
ran up. Taking the giant's own sword, he cut 
off Goliath's head. 



32 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



When the Philistines saw that their leader 
was killed, they fled. The people all praised 




He went to the Brook and gathered Five Smooth 

Stones. 



David very highly and made up a song about 
him. But the king did not like it that the people 



SHEPHERD BOY WHO BECAME KING 33 

praised David, and from that time he hated David 
and wished to kill him. 

Saul Tries to Kill David 

One day when David was playing on the harp 
for him, Saul suddenly threw a spear at David; 
but David stepped aside and was not hurt. A 
little later Saul threw his spear again, but again 
he missed David. 

Saul then thought of some other way to get 
rid of David. He sent him out to war at the 
head of an army. He thought David would be 
killed. Instead of getting killed, David won the 
battle, and the people praised him more than 
ever. 

David's Friend Jonathan 

Although Saul hated David, his son Jonathan 
did not. Jonathan loved David better than any- 
body else in the world, and it pleased him to 
hear the people praise David. He was glad 
that David would be the next king instead of 
him. It made Jonathan very sad when he learned 
that his father wanted to kill his dear friend, and 



34 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

he reminded Saul of how David had helped him 
in the war. Then Saul promised not to kill 
David. For a while David lived with the king, 
and he and Jonathan were very happy together. 

Soon Saul again tried to kill David and David 
fled. Some time later he and Jonathan met and 
Jonathan wanted him to come and live with the 
king, but David knew that it was not safe to do 
so. The two friends bade each other good-by, 
and both wept. And at last David arose and 
fled from the country. 

For a long time David went from place to 
place, hiding from Saul, who followed after him 
to kill him. 

David Spares Saul's Life 

Once Saul entered a cave where David and a 
few friends were hiding, without knowing they 
were there. David crept up very quietly and 
cut off part of Saul's robe. 

As Saul went from the cave, David came after 
him, crying out, "My lord the king!" 

When Saul looked back David bowed to the 
earth and he said to Saul : "Why do you believe 



SHEPHERD BOY WHO BECAME KING 35 

those who say I seek to do you harm ? This day 
you were in my hands, and some wanted me to 
kill you, but I spared you. See, here is part of 
your robe which I cut off, and I did not kill you. 
I have done you no harm, yet you hunt after my 
life to take it." 

Saul wept and said, "You are better than I, 
for you have given good for evil." Leaving 
David unharmed, Saul went home. 

Still David was afraid to return ; he went into 
the land of the Philistines and lived there. 

Saul and Jonathan Killed 

A few years later there was a great battle 
between the people of Israel and the Philistines. 
In this battle both Saul and Jonathan were killed. 
Now David became king of all the country. But 
David was sad when he heard of their death, and 
mourned for them. He said: "I am sad for 
thee, my brother Jonathan; very pleasant hast 
thou been unto me ; thy love to me was wonder- 
ful, more than the love of woman." 

Jonathan had left a son who was lame. When 
David became king he gave to Jonathan's son all 



36 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

the land that had been Saul's, and he had him 
eat at his table as if he had been David's own son. 

Absalom Tries to be King 

David had a son Absalom who was noted for 
his beauty, especially for his long, beautiful hair. 
In David's old age this son tried to make himself 
king. 

David did not like to fight against his own son, 
but he had to. He said, however, that no one 
should kill Absalom. 

A battle was fought in which Absalom and his 
men lost. After the battle Absalom was riding 
through the woods to escape, and his head caught 
in a tree and he was left hanging there as his horse 
went out from under him. The leader of David's 
army came by ; and, in spite of what David had 
said, he killed Absalom. 

When David heard of his son's death, he for- 
gave him and wept and said: "0 my son Absa- 
lom! would I had died for you, Absalom, my 
son, my son!" 



SHEPHERD BOY WHO BECAME KING 37 

David Dies 

David was thirty years old when he began to 
rule and he ruled for forty years. He was a 
great fighter and he made his kingdom much larger 
by his wars, and he was a great king in every way. 
He sometimes did wrong, but when he did he was 
always sorry for what he had done. 

When David was about to die he made his son 
Solomon king. Then he called Solomon to him 
and said: "I am going the way of all men. Be 
strong and show yourself a man. God is with 
you. He will not fail you nor forsake you. Walk 
in his ways and keep his commandments/ ' 

David died, and his son Solomon sat upon his 
throne. 



ULYSSES, A STORY OF PATIENCE 

How the Trojan War Started 

T TELEN. the wife of one of the Greek kings 
in the long ago days, was the most beauti- 
ful woman of Greece. Many princes had tried 
to win her for a wife. They had each made a 
promise to be a friend to the one who should 
marry her and to fight for him if any one should 
try to take her from him by force. For a time 
all went well and Helen and her husband lived 
happily together. 

It happened, however, that Paris, a prince of 
Troy, came to visit Helen's husband. A goddess 
had promised Paris that he should have the most 
beautiful woman in the world for his wife. When 
he saw Helen he thought she must be the woman 
whom the goddess meant. At once he tried to 
get her to go with him. At last Helen agreed 
to leave her husband and go with Paris to Troy. 

38 



ULYSSES, A STORY OF PATIENCE 39 



The kings of Greece were true to their promise 
and got ready nearly twelve hundred ships to 
go and bring her 
back. 

Ulysses Plows 
the Seashore 

Ulysses of the 
island of Ithaca 
had been one of 
these princes. 
After failing to 
win Helen, Ulysses 
had married Pe- 
nelope and they 
had had one child, 
a baby boy. 

When the war 
started Ulysses 
did not want to 
leave his wife and 
his little son. To 
be allowed to stay at home, he tried to make the 
other princes believe that he had become mad. 





















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Helen was the Most Beautiful 
Woman of Greece. 



40 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Hitching a horse and an ox to a plow, he went to 
the sea and began plowing the sandy seashore. 

One of the princes wisely said: "We shall see 
if he is truly mad. Let us get his little son and 
lay him in the furrow. If he is mad, he will 
drive on ; but if he is pretending, he will turn the 
team aside." 

When Ulysses saw the child whom he loved 
lying in the way of the team, he turned the team 
aside. They knew then that he was pretending, 
and they made him leave his dear wife and child 
and go to the war. 

The Wooden Horse 

The war lasted ten years and it was by a plan 
of Ulysses that Troy was at last taken. 

He had the Greeks build a large wooden horse. 
In this a hundred brave men hid. Then a Greek 
pretended to desert his own people for the men 
of Troy. He made them believe that, if they 
would bring the horse into the city, it would 
bring them good luck and they would win in the 
war. They believed him and dragged the horse 
within the walls. 



ULYSSES, A STORY OF PATIENCE 41 

In the night the Greeks left their hiding place 
and opened the gates of the city to the rest of 
the Greeks. The city was burned and Helen 
was carried back to Greece. But on the way home 
many of the Greeks met with hardships and 
death. The ships of Ulysses were driven to 
strange lands and many long years passed before 
he again reached Ithaca. 

Ulysses and the One-eyed Giant 

Ulysses came to a land where lived a race of 
one-eyed giants. One of the fiercest of these 
giants was Polyphemus. The Greeks came to his 
cave and, being hungry, went in to see if they 
could find something to eat. They found some 
cheese and ate it. Then they very foolishly 
waited for the giant to come home. 

No Greek would ever think of treating badly a 
stranger who had come to him. Naturally, they 
thought that the giant would give them gifts 
as the Greeks always did to a stranger. 

In the evening the giant came home, driving 
his sheep and goats. He drove them into the 
cave and set a large stone in the mouth of the 



42 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

cave. At first he did not see Ulysses and his 
men. After he had milked his flock, he caught 
sight of the men. Catching two of them, he 
ate them for his supper. Again at morn and the 
next evening he ate two of Ulysses' men. 

Ulysses could have killed the sleeping giant 
that night, but he thought, What would be the use ? 
The stone at the door was so large that they could 
not move it, and they would have had to starve 
in the cave. 

At last Ulysses thought of a plan. He had 
wine with him and he gave some of it to Poly- 
phemus. This pleased the giant. He asked 
Ulysses his name and promised if Ulysses would 
give him more wine that he would give Ulysses 
a gift. 

Ulysses gave him more wine. "My name is 
Noman," said Ulysses; "what gift will you give 
me?" 

"This gift, that I shall eat you last of all," 
answered the giant. 

Soon the wine made the giant fall asleep. Then 
Ulysses and his men took a pole of wood and 
held the one end in the fire until it was burning. 



ULYSSES, A STORY OF PATIENCE 43 

Then they thrust it into the eye of the giant. 
He raised a great cry and other giants came to the 
mouth of the cave. 

"What ails you, Polyphemus ?" they asked. 

"Noman is killing me," cried the giant. 

"If no man is killing you, why do you yell so, 
fool?" they answered, and went away. 

When it was morning Polyphemus felt his way 
to the mouth of the cave. He took away the 
stone and sat in the door of the cave with his 
arms outstretched to catch any of the Greeks 
who should try to go forth. 

But Ulysses tied his men under the breasts of 
the rams, and he himself caught hold of the back 
of a large ram and curled himself under it. In 
this way they got out of the cave, for the giant felt 
along the backs of the sheep as they passed and 
did not think of the men being under the breasts 
of the rams. 

The Bag of Winds 

Next Ulysses and his men came to a floating 
island where lived the ruler of the winds. After 
staying there a month they set sail. Before 



44 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

they left, the king killed an ox and made a large 
bag out of the skin. He put all the winds in the 
bag but one which was to take Ulysses home. 
This bag he gave to Ulysses. The wind blew 
them swiftly on their way and on the tenth day 
they came in sight of their native land. 

All along the men had wanted to know what 
was in this large bag which the king had given 
Ulysses. When Ulysses was not watching they 
opened the bag. All the winds came forth and 
the ships were driven back again to the island. 

The men wanted the king of the winds to help 
them once more, but he refused. 

Other Adventures of Ulysses 

Ulysses and his men had many other adventures. 
They came to an island where lived giants that 
ate men. These threw great rocks at the ships 
and destroyed all the ships but the one in which 
Ulysses sailed. The giants ate the men of the 
lost ships. 

On another island twenty-two of Ulysses' 
men were changed into swine by a wicked god- 
dess, but Ulysses made her change them into 



ULYSSES, A STORY OF PATIENCE 45 

men again. She then treated them well and gave 
them meat to eat and wine to drink. 

When Ulysses left, the goddess said to him: 
"You will come next to the sirens, who bewitch 
all men. Whoever draws near and hears their 
singing never sees his wife and babes again. But 
if you wish to hear them, have your men bind 
you to the mast. First put wax in the ears of 
your men that they hear not the sirens/' 

Ulysses did so, and heard the sirens singing 
and wanted his men to unbind him; but they, 
being unable to hear him, rowed on. 

The goddess had told Ulysses that he would 
come to an island where there were sacred oxen. 
She told him great evil would befall him if they 
killed any of the oxen. When they came to the 
island, Ulysses did not want to stop, but his men 
did. Before leaving the ship the men took an 
oath not to kill any of the oxen. 

The wind blew for a month so that they were 
afraid to set sail. At last they had no food left. 
Then while Ulysses was sleeping, the men killed 
some of the sacred oxen and roasted the flesh 
and ate it. When at last they sailed away, the 



46 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



greatest of the gods sent lightning and destroyed 

the ship. Every man but Ulysses was drowned 

in the sea. 
Ulysses was cast on an island where lived 

another goddess. She kept him there for seven 

years. She told him 
she would make him 
live forever if he 
would stay with her. 
But Ulysses loved his 
wife and son too well 
to stay, and he said 
he would rather go 
home to them. At 
last the greatest of 
the gods said she 
should let Ulysses go. 
Ulysses built a raft 

and left the island. A storm arose and the 

raft parted, but Ulysses was again cast on 

shore. 

The people of this island were famous sailors 

and they, at their king's bidding, carried Ulysses 

to his own land of Ithaca. 




Ulysses was cast on an Island 



ULYSSES, A STORY OF PATIENCE 47 

Penelope's Wooers 

By this time all the people of Ithaca had given 
up Ulysses as dead, all but his faithful wife 
Penelope, who still hoped for his return. Many 
princes had come to woo her and remained eating 
the flocks and drinking the wine of Ulysses. 

To put them off Penelope asked them to wait 
until she should finish a robe she was weaving. 
Each night she would ravel out what she had 
woven during the day. Thus she made them 
wait three years. 

At last because one of her maids told the princes, 
Penelope was forced to finish the cloth. Still 
she put them off, hoping for the return of her 
husband. 

Ulysses Reaches Home 

Ulysses, dressed as a beggar, went to the man 
who had been the keeper of his swine. Although 
the swineherd did not know his old master, he 
treated the beggar kindly. There Ulysses learned 
about the wooers. 

Ulysses' son came to the hut of the swineherd 



48 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 




He bent the Great Bow and shot the Arrow through 

the Axes. 



ULYSSES, A STORY OF PATIENCE 49 

and Ulysses made himself known to him. To- 
gether they planned to punish the wooers. 

The next day, still dressed as a beggar, Ulysses 
went to his own palace. Before the stables lay 
the hound which Ulysses had trained before he 
left for Troy. The old dog knew his master and 
wagged his tail and dropped his ears but was too 
feeble to come to him. 

Ulysses entered the palace, where he was in- 
sulted by one of the wooers. He 'waited his 
time, however, without replying then. 

The Bending of the Bow 

This night it had come to Penelope's mind to 
make this offer. She said to the wooers: "I 
will set forth the bow of Ulysses and set up twelve 
axes. Whoever shall most easily string the bow 
and shoot through all twelve axes, him will I 
marry and go with him from this house." 

The wooers tried, but not one could bend the 
bow. 

Then Ulysses asked to try it. The wooers 
laughed at the beggar, as they thought he was, 
but, to their surprise, he bent the great bow and 



50 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

shot the arrow through the axes. Then he took 
another arrow and shot the wooer who had in- 
sulted him. With his son and two servants, he 
fought until all the wooers were killed. 

Ulysses now made himself known to his wife 
Penelope. After twenty years of patient waiting, 
they wept all night for joy at being together 
again. And Ulysses was king of Ithaca once more 
and had peace and rest after his long wanderings. 



ALEXANDER, WHO CONQUERED THE 

WORLD 

A Boy Who Liked to Read About Ulysses 

/ TT V HERE was once a boy who liked to read about 
Ulysses and about the war caused by the 
stealing of Helen. His home was north of Greece. 
He could read the stories easily for they were 
written in his own language. He liked most of all 
to read about the battles at Troy. Achilles was 
his favorite hero, for he was the swiftest, strong- 
est, and bravest of all who fought in that war. 

This boy's name was Alexander, and he was 
the son of a great king named Philip. Although 
he was a king's son, he was brought up to work. 
The boy was trained so as to become strong and 
able to put up with all kinds of hardship. He grew 
up to be quick and active and good at outdoor 
games. 

King Philip was a great fighter and won many 
battles. This made the people glad, all but 

51 



52 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Alexander. He would look sad when he heard 
about one of these battles. He said to his boy 
friends, "My father will leave no countries for^ 
me to conquer." 

Alexander and his Teacher 

When Alexander was about thirteen years 
old he was placed under the greatest of all Greek 
teachers. When the boy was born, Philip had 
written a letter to this wise man. In it he said 
he thanked the gods that his son was born while 
the great teacher was still living. 

This teacher did much for the boy. He cured 
him of many faults and taught him many things. 
The teacher liked to talk about plants and ani- 
mals, and Alexander liked to hear about them. 
The prince loved his teacher and never forgot him. 

The boy's teacher gave him a beautiful book 
with the stories of Ulysses and the other Greek 
heroes in it. Long after, when the boy himself 
became a great fighter like Achilles, he carried 
the book with him in all his wars. When he 
became king he had men gather many strange 
plants and animals for his old teacher to study. 



ALEXANDER CONQUERED THE WORLD 53 

Riding a Wild Horse 

When Alexander was still a boy, some one sent 
a horse to Philip as a present. This horse was 




Alexander was placed under the Greatest of Greek 

Teachers. 

so wild and pranced about so, that every one was 
afraid to get on him. Alexander went to his 



54 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

father and said, "Let me try to ride him." The 
king at first refused for he was afraid the boy- 
would be killed, but at last he allowed him to try. 

Alexander was not afraid and walked up to 
the horse and took him by the bridle. Then he 
patted him and turned him so that he could not 
see his shadow, for he had seen that the horse 
was afraid of his own shadow. Then suddenly 
the boy leaped to the horse's back. Away went 
the horse at the top of his speed, but Alexander 
did not try to stop him. After a long run the 
horse became quiet and Alexander led him back 
to the king. 

Philip was proud of his son and said, "My 
kingdom is too small for you; you will have to 
make a larger one for yourself." This he after- 
wards did. 

The horse became gentle, and Alexander taught 
him to kneel upon his fore legs so that his master 
could get on him more easily. He kept him a 
long time and often rode him into battle. 

The young leader on his high-spirited horse 
made the soldiers feel that it was a great thing to 
follow such a king. 



ALEXANDER CONQUERED THE WORLD 55 

The Boy General and King 

When Alexander was eighteen years old, Philip 
allowed him to lead a part of his army. A great 
battle was fought and the boy did so well that 
Philip was afraid the people would think the son 
a better fighter than the father. 

When Alexander was not yet twenty, his 
father was killed and Alexander became king. 
He made a speech to the people. He said they 
would find that they had the same king, only that 
his name had been changed. He meant he would 
be as good a king as his father had been. 

Some of the states of Greece tried now to free 
themselves. They did not like to be ruled by 
a boy of that age. Alexander started down 
through Greece, saying, "They say I am a boy. 
I am coming to teach them that I am a man." 
And he did. 

At Troy 

Now Alexander got ready to make a march 
through Asia. He had long thought of doing 
this. He got ready an army of 35,000 men and 
set out. The army reached Asia and began to 



56 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

leave the ships. Alexander himself went on in 
a ship to a place a little farther south, and went 
on shore. 

There was the plain he had longed to see ever 
since he could read. For on this plain were what 
he thought to be the ruins of Troy. We now know 
that the ruins he saw were those of a later city, 
built on the same spot. 

He now stood where Achilles and Ulysses and 
others had fought those long ten years, and as he 
looked about he saw again in his mind those heroes 
doing their brave deeds. It is said he wished 
that he could have as great a poet to tell about 
his deeds as Achilles had had to tell of his. 

Cutting the Gordian Knot 

In a certain temple in Asia there was a cart 
and a yoke kept as sacred. The yoke was tied 
to the pole of the cart by a strip of leather in 
such a way that no one had ever been able to untie 
it. It was called the Gordian Knot. It was 
said that whoever should untie it should become 
king of all Asia. 

Alexander went to the temple and looked at the 



ALEXANDER CONQUERED THE WORLD 57 

knot. Since he saw that it could not be untied, 
he drew his sword and cut it to pieces. From 




He drew his Sword and cut it to pieces. 

that time such a way of getting out of a diffi- 
culty has been called "cutting the Gordian 
Knot." 



58 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Alexander did become king of a great part of 

Asia. On his march he won every battle that he 

fought. 

Trusting the Doctor 

One day while he was tired and hot, Alexander 
foolishly went into a river to bathe. He had a 
chill and was taken out of the river shivering. 
He then fainted. A fever came on which lasted 
a long time. 

While he lay sick some one wrote to him that 
his doctor had been hired to give him poison 
instead of medicine. Alexander told no one about 
the letter. When the doctor came in with some 
medicine, Alexander took the cup and handed 
the doctor the letter, telling him to read it. 

As soon as the doctor finished reading it, and 
before he could speak, Alexander drank the medi- 
cine without a word. 

Whether he could tell by the doctor's face that 
the letter was not true or whether he had so much 
faith in his doctor that he wished to prove his 
trust, we do not know. The doctor was, however, 
greatly pleased. Alexander after a time became 
well again. 



ALEXANDER CONQUERED THE WORLD 59 

Conquers the World but Dies 

As Alexander kept on fighting he became more 
cruel and was no longer a good king. He did 
many foolish things, one of which was that he 
tried to make his soldiers think him a god. 

One thing he did, however, that was not fool- 
ish. He went to Egypt and built a city there 
at the mouth of the Nile River. He called it 
Alexandria, after himself. It became a great 
city, and it is still a great city after two thousand 
years. 

By the time he was twenty-six Alexander had 
finished his wars. It is sometimes said that he 
conquered the world and sighed because there 
were no more worlds to conquer. He did rule 
over more countries than any one had ever ruled 
over before, but there were some lands left which 
he was planning to take, when he died. There 
were some lands, too, that he had never even heard 
of. 

At last when he was thirty-two years old he 
became sick with a fever. Some say drinking 
caused it. He tried hard to rouse himself, but 



60 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

he soon saw that he must die. Just before his 
death his soldiers all passed one by one by his 
bed. He could not speak to say farewell to 
them. He died and his body was carried to Alex- 
andria, a thousand miles away, to be buried. As 
far as this was, his body was carried all the way 
through his own kingdom. 



TWO STORIES OF ROME 

How Horatius Kept the Bridge 

A CERTAIN king had come with a large 
army to take Rome. There were walls 
on three sides of the city and a river on the 
fourth. On this river was a wooden bridge. 
Beyond the bridge was a hill on which some 
Roman soldiers had been placed to keep away the 
enemy. But they were too few to do this. The 
king's men climbed the hill and then came run- 
ning toward the bridge to cross into Rome. 

There was only one way to save Rome and that 
was to cut down the bridge. But there was not 
time to do this before the enemy would reach it. 

Then brave Horatius said, "Hew down the 
bridge. I, with two more to help me, will keep 
back the enemy. Who will stand with me and 
hold the bridge ?" 

Two others quickly joined him. With swords 
in hand, they placed themselves at the farther 

61 



62 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



end of the bridge to hold back the whole army 
of the king until their friends could cut down the 




I, WITH TWO MORE TO HELP ME, WILL KEEP BACK THE ENEMY. 

bridge. As the place was narrow the enemy 
could not get past them. 



TWO STORIES OF ROME 63 

At last those who had been cutting at the 
bridge cried, "Come back; it is about to fall." 

Horatius told the others to go and they got 
back in safety. But he himself stayed and kept 
back the enemy until with a crash the bridge 
fell into the river. 

Then Horatius turned and, armed as he was, 
leaped into the river and swam across to his 
friends. The enemy threw their spears at him, 
but he escaped and was not hurt. 

Thus Rome was saved. 

ClNCINNATUS 

War was going on at Rome. When the Roman 
army marched out, the enemy pretended to run 
away. The Romans followed and were led into 
a narrow valley with steep hills on each side. 
Then the enemy filled each end of the valley with 
their men and had the Romans in a trap. They 
would soon starve if no help came. But five men 
had escaped and they came to Rome with the news. 

The old men said, " There is only one man who 
can save us. That man is Cincinnatus." In 
Rome in times of great danger all power was given 



64 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



to one man. This man was called a Dictator. 
Cincinnatus was made Dictator. 











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Cincinnatus was a Farmer. 

Cincinnatus was a farmer and when the men 
came to tell him that he should take the leader- 
ship of the Romans, they found him plowing his 



TWO STORIES OF ROME 65 

fields across the river from Rome. They told 
him to change his clothes and they read the order 
making him Dictator. They told him of the 
danger in which the Roman army stood. 

Before daylight next morning Cincinnatus came 
into Rome. He told every man to come at sun- 
set with twelve strong stakes. 

About twelve o'clock that night Cincinnatus 
and his men reached the place where the other 
army was. He formed his men in a circle. Then 
they gave a great shout. The enemy were alarmed, 
but the Romans in the valley were glad. They 
knew it was the shout of their friends who had 
come to help them. Cincinnatus had his men set 
up the stakes in a circle around the hills and 
pile earth up against the stakes. This made a 
tight fence to shut in the enemy. When morn- 
ing came, the enemy were glad to escape with 
their lives after giving up their arms. 

There was great joy in Rome when Cincinnatus 
returned. He might have remained Dictator a 
long time; but, after waiting two weeks until 
he saw that the city was free from danger, Cin- 
cinnatus went back to his plowing. 



WILLIAM TELL 

The Swiss Hero 

T)EOPLE who live in the mountains are strong 
and brave and do not like to be ruled 
by other people. It is hard to conquer them, 
for in the narrow passes a few men can hold 
back a great army. For these reasons, these 
countries are the homes of free men. The little 
country of Switzerland is such a country. 

The Swiss were not always free. More than 
600 years ago they were ruled by the Austrians. 
But at last they set themselves free, and in after 
years they said that it was William Tell who freed 
them. Many things are told about him, but we 
cannot be sure that they are true. 

Tell, it is said, was a man of great beauty and 
of great strength. He was a head taller than 
most of his friends and he could carry twice as 
much wood on his shoulders as any of them. No 
one could row a boat so well or shoot so well with 

66 



WILLIAM TELL 67 

a bow and arrow. He married the prettiest girl 
in the place where he lived and they had a num- 
ber of children. The oldest child was Walter. 

A Ruler's Cruel Deed 

One evening Tell and his wife were sitting in 
front of their cottage. They saw an old man 
coming who was one of their friends. He was 
being led by his granddaughter. 

Tell ran to him, not knowing what to think, 
for the old man had been well when Tell last saw 
him. To his horror Tell found that his friend 
was blind. His eyes had been put out with hot 
irons. 

"Who has done this dreadful thing ?" cried 
Tell. 

The old man sat down and told them how he had 
lost his eyes. 

That morning as he and his son were getting 
ready to go to the market, a soldier had come and 
ordered them to unyoke the oxen so that he could 
take the oxen away. Arnold, the old man's son, 
became angry and struck the soldier. The soldier 
left and the old man then coaxed Arnold to hide 



68 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 




He was being led by his Granddaughter. 



WILLIAM TELL 69 

himself in the mountains. A little later more 
soldiers came and took the old man before Gessler, 
the cruel ruler of the country. Gessler ordered him 
to tell where his son was, and as he would not do 
this, Gessler ordered the old man's eyes to be put 
out. 

After hearing this story Tell left his home and 
met a few of his friends. These few men promised 
to stir up the others to fight for their freedom. 
Raising their hands toward heaven, they took an 
oath to die if it should be necessary in order to 
free their country. 

The Cap on the Pole 

Gessler felt that something was wrong. Fear- 
ing that some of the people were planning to free 
their country, he thought out a way to find out 
who they were. 

He had the soldiers put up a long pole and 
place on the end of it a beautiful cap such as the 
duke of Austria wore. He then gave an order 
that all who came near this pole should bow their 
heads to the cap. 

When Tell came back home he saw this cap on 



70 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



the end of the pole and did not know what to 
think. He stood leaning on his bow, watching 




He saw the Cap on the Pole. 

the soldiers walking around the pole. He saw 
some people passing and bowing their heads, but 
he held his own head erect. 



WILLIAM TELL 71 

At last a soldier noticed that Tell held his head 
high. He went to Tell, took his bows and arrows 
from him, and led him to Gessler. 

Shooting an Apple 

When Gessler heard that William Tell had not 
obeyed his order, he at once thought of a very 
cruel plan to punish him. He sent for Tell's son 
Walter. 

When Walter and his father were brought to 
him, Gessler said to Tell: "I have heard much 
about your skill with the bow. Now we shall 
see it for ourselves. Your son will be placed 
a hundred yards away, with an apple upon his 
head. You will be given your bow and an arrow. 
If you hit the apple and carry it away with your 
arrow, you and your son shall be set free." 

"What if I refuse to shoot?" asked Tell. 

"Then your son shall be killed before your 
eyes," answered the heartless Gessler. 

Tell begged Gessler not to force him to do this, 
for he was afraid the arrow might strike too low 
and kill his son. Walter, however, was not 
afraid, for he had often seen his father shoot and 



72 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



had never known him to miss. Seeing Gessler's 
mind was made up, Tell at last said he would try. 

The soldiers 







measured off a 






hundred yards. 




jgmf% 


Walter was placed 




f r -x. 


with his back to 




«3r -*•• --. 


a tree and an 




% : 


apple on his bare 
head. The people 
and the soldiers 
stood around. 




m\^i 


Tell's bow was 






brought and he 
was given an 
arrow. 

Tell tried the 
point of the ar- 




ff W* ■ i 


row and then 
broke it. Other 


Tell 


hid an Arrow in the Broad 


arrows were 




Belt he wore. 


brought. Taking 



a long time to choose one, Tell, without being ob- 
served by any one, hid an arrow in the broad belt 



WILLIAM TELL 73 

he wore. Finding an arrow that suited him, he 
got ready for the shot. 

Still he waited ; for the fear of killing his son 
made him weak. At last he roused himself, 
slowly drew the bow, took aim with great care 
. . . shot . . . and struck the apple so that it 
was carried away by the arrow. 

The people cried out with joy and wonder at 
such a shot, and Gessler could scarcely believe 
his own eyes. Walter ran to his father. Tell 
fell down in a faint. 

As Tell fell, the arrow he had hidden dropped out 
of his belt. When Tell arose, Gessler pointed to the 
arrow and asked why he had taken it. " To kill you, 
tyrant," answered Tell, "if I had killed my son." 

Gessler did not keep his promise to set Tell 
free but placed him in iron chains and put him in 
the fort with the soldiers. Walter was set free 
and at once set out to tell his father's friends not 
to wait but to rise now against the cruel ruler. 

How Tell Got Free 

Because Gessler was afraid the people would 
try to set Tell free, he got ready a large boat and 



74 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

thirty men to take Tell across the lake to a prison 
about ten miles away. Tell, still in chains, was 
put into the boat and rowed away from the town. 
As Tell lay in the boat, he saw a light near his 
own home. He knew that it was a signal to 
arouse the people in other places, but Gessler 
thought that it was a burning house. 

After they had rowed some time, a great storm 
arose. The wind raged, and great waves dashed 
against the boat. The soldiers thought that 
they would all be lost, and began to pray. It 
grew dark. The boat drifted toward the rocky 
shore. Gessler offered great rewards to any one 
who could save him. 

One of the soldiers who had heard that Tell 
could row as well as he could shoot, spoke to 
Gessler. Gessler, willing to do anything rather 
than die, asked Tell if he could help them. 

"With God's help I can," answered Tell. 

His chains were taken off, and he was put to 
guide the boat. By keeping watch on the signal 
light, which he could still see, Tell was able to 
discern which way to go. But he did not guide 
the boat to where Gessler wished to take him. 



WILLIAM TELL 75 

When it was nearly morning Tell brought the 
boat close to the rocky shore, seized his bow, and, 
giving a great leap, reached shore and was soon 
out of sight. 

Tell then hid himself by the side of the road. 
Soon Gessler and the soldiers came by. Tell heard 
Gessler say that he would have Tell and his whole 
family put to death. At that Tell stepped forth 
from the place where he had been hiding and sent 
an arrow through Gessler's heart. 

Soon afterwards a great battle was fought. 
The Swiss won the battle and set themselves 
free. They have been free ever since. 



ROLAND AND OLIVER 

The Birth of Roland 

TV/TORE than 1100 years ago the greatest 
living king was Charles the Great, the 
famous king of the Franks. He ruled over a 
large part of Europe. He was a wise ruler, but 
he had one fault. He liked to have his own way 
in everything. 

Charles had a sister whom he loved dearly. 
Because she married a man whom Charles did 
not want her to marry, the great king said she 
and her husband must leave his kingdom. They 
went from place to place as beggars, and at last 
made their home for a time in a cave near a town 
in Italy. 

While they lived in the cave a son was born 
to them. This son was the famous Roland. 
Many stories have been told and songs sung about 
him both in France and Italy. A song about 
Roland was sung by the French soldiers in their 

76 



ROLAND AND OLIVER 77 

battles years after Roland's death. We do not 
know just how much truth there is in these stories 
and songs. 

While Roland was but a child, his father went 
to another country and left the boy and his 
mother to make their living as best they could. 

How a Fight Ended 

Roland was well liked by the boys of the town 
near his cave. He was their leader in their 
sports. There was one boy, the son of the ruler 
of the town, who did not like him. This boy's 
name was Oliver. 

One day they decided in boy fashion to fight 
it out. It was a long hard fight. At last Roland 
won. Then what do you think happened? The 
two boys became the greatest of friends. They 
vowed always to be friends as long as they lived. 

The King's Dinner Stolen 

Some time later the great king Charles passed 
through the town, and he and his knights ate 
dinner on the village green. 

Times were hard then. Roland was not old 



78 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

enough to earn a living for himself and his mother. 
Often they were nearly starved. 

It happened this day that Roland saw some 
persons carrying rich food to the king. The 
starving boy was overcome by the sight of the 
food. Hardly knowing what he was doing, he 
seized the food and ran with it to his cave. 

The servants came to the king and told him. 
Charles turned to three of his knights and said, 
"Go, find the lad and bring him to me." 

The knights came to the cave. After Roland's 
mother found that they came from Charles she 
told them that she was Charles's sister. 

When Roland was brought before him, the 
old king liked the lad so well that he took him 
and his mother back to France. From that time 
on, Roland lived with the king. Only one thing 
he had to be sorry about: that he was parted 
from his friend Oliver. 

Charles's Peers 

There were twelve knights that Charles kept 
with him all the time. They were the greatest 
and noblest men in the country. If Charles was 



ROLAND AND OLIVER 79 

planning to do something, he would ask these 
twelve peers, as they were called, what they 
thought of his plan. 

When Roland grew to be a man, he was made 
captain of these peers, and he was next to the 
king himself in power. Roland was very brave 
and daring. He was loved by every one of these 
peers except one. This knight hated Roland 
and did not like to see him honored so much. 

Another Fight with a Strange Ending 

Once a king had made war against Charles. 
It was agreed that, instead of a battle between 
the armies, each side should choose one man and 
that these should fight. The war was to be de- 
cided by the fight between these two. Roland 
was, of course, chosen to fight for the army of 
Charles. The leader of the other army chose 
his grandson. The soldiers of Charles's army 
almost pitied the stranger, for they felt that no 
one could be a match for Roland. 

On the day appointed, the two sat on their 
horses, one at either end of the field. Each was 
clothed in armor from top to toe and each wore a 



80 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 




Foe two Hours they Fought. 



ROLAND AND OLIVER 81 

steel cap on his head. Not even their faces could 
be seen. 

A trumpet sounded. They rushed together. 
The lance of each struck the shield of the other. 
Both lances were split into pieces. But neither 
of the knights was thrown from his horse. Both 
armies cheered. 

Then they leaped from their horses and drew 
their swords. For two hours they fought and 
no one could say which was the better. At last 
Roland ran his sword so deep into the other's 
shield that he could not draw it out again. Then 
the stranger struck such a blow upon the breast 
of Roland that his sword was broken by the blow. 
With their swords useless, they wrestled. 

At last in the fight their faces were uncovered. 
They looked at each other a second. Both armies 
were astonished to see them rush into each other's 
arms. The strange knight was no other than 
Oliver, Roland's old friend. They refused to 
fight any more, and the war was settled without 
a battle. Charles made Oliver one of his twelve 
peers. Now Roland and Oliver were together 
again, never to be parted. 



82 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Because Roland and Oliver were equal in their 
great deeds, to this day we use the words "a Ro- 
land for an Oliver " to mean tit for tat, or giving 
as much as one gets. The two knights were 
not alike, however. Roland was proud and 
would rush into danger even when he had no need 
to do so, but Oliver was wiser and more gentle 
though just as brave. 

War with the Moors 

In the time of the grandfather of Charles some 
armies from Asia had come into Europe. These 
people were not Christians. They believed it 
was right to kill persons who would refuse to be 
of their religion. It seemed at one time that 
they would conquer all Europe, and there would 
be no Christians nor Christian countries left. But 
Charles's grandfather beat them in a great battle 
and kept them out of his country. They still 
held Spain, however. Those in Spain were called 
the Moors. 

Spain had once been a Christian country. 
Charles the Great, being a Christian, did not 
like to see the land ruled by the Moors. He went 



ROLAND AND OLIVER 83 

with an army into Spain. There for seven years 
he carried on war. At last the king of the Moors 
agreed to become a Christian, and to allow Charles 
to be king over him if Charles would lead his 
army out of Spain. 

Charles asked his twelve peers what they 
thought should be done. Roland wanted the war 
to go on. He said it was the duty of Christians 
to make Spain a Christian land again. But two 
others said that it was wrong to refuse mercy to 
a conquered enemy. Charles decided to make 
peace and asked that some one carry his answer 
to the king of the Moors. The peer who was 
Roland's enemy and who had been for peace 
offered to go. Roland said that he himself would 
go. They had a quarrel, in which Roland treated 
the other knight with great scorn. Finally 
Charles decided that Roland's enemy should go. 

The False Knight 

The Moors had heard of the way in which this 
knight had been treated by Roland, and they 
tried to get him to betray his people. 

At first he refused, but at last he told them how 



84 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

they could cut off part of Charles's army as it was 
recrossing the mountains. He said they should 
send soldiers to hide in the woods and moun- 
tains where there was a narrow pass. 

The false knight returned to Charles's camp 
and said that the king of the Moors had agreed 
to everything. Then Charles started at once 
for France with the greater part of the army. 
Roland was left to bring the others. 

The Battle in the Pass 

The Franks under Roland entered the pass. 
They did not dream that their enemies were near. 
All at once with loud yells, the Moors sprang up 
and attacked the Franks from all sides. Oliver, 
so the story goes, climbed a tree to see how many 
there were of the enemy. 

He called out to Roland : "Brother, the heathen 
are many and the Christians few. If you sound 
your horn, King Charles will hear it and come 
to help us." 

The proud Roland, eager to fight, refused. 
He thought that the Franks could fight their 
way through. A bishop, who was with them, 



ROLAND AND OLIVER 85 

had the Franks kneel and confess their sins and 
receive his blessing. 

The Franks fought like heroes but the enemy 
were too many. At last only about sixty were 
left, among them, Oliver, Roland, and the bishop. 

Roland now said : "I will sound my horn; 
Charles will hear it and we may yet return to 
France." 

"Shame upon you!" answered Oliver; "why 
did you not sound it when I asked you? The 
best soldiers of France are now slain and we must 
die with them." 

The bishop said: "To blow the horn will not 
save us, but Charles will come and carry our 
bodies home to our dear France. Therefore it is 
right to sound it." 

Roland obeyed and blew such a blast that the 
blood spurted from his mouth. 

Charles, who was miles away, heard the sound 
and said: "It is Roland's horn. Our men are 
being defeated. We must hasten to aid them." 

The false knight urged him not to go to their 
assistance, but Charles turned back. 

The fight went on. At last Oliver was killed 



86 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



and then the bishop. Only Roland was left. 
He was bleeding and knew he must soon die. 
Again with his dying breath he blew a blast from 







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Again he blew a Blast from his Horn. 

his horn. Charles heard it and commanded his 
men to answer it with their horns. The Moors 
fled at the sound. 

Roland knew that he could not live until 



ROLAND AND OLIVER 87 

Charles came. He took his sword and hacked 
it and bent it in trying to break it, for he did not 
want it ever to have an owner who might be a 
coward. Then he lay down and placed the sword 
and the horn under his head so that Charles would 
see that he had not surrendered. 

Charles hastened to the spot. There he found 
Roland and the others lying dead in the pass. 



ALFRED THE GREAT AND GOOD 

A Long Journey for a Little Boy 

TV/TORE than a thousand years ago the king 
and queen of England had a little son 
whom they named Alfred. Alfred had two older 
brothers, but because he was such a good little 
fellow his parents seemed to love him best. He 
was only five years old when his mother died. 
He was very sad. After a while something hap- 
pened which made him forget his sorrow some- 
what. His father sent him on a long journey 
to the great city of Rome. 

In those days when there were no railroads, 
people had to travel on horseback. As the roads 
were often bad, it took quite a while to make such 
a journey. 

Of course the prince traveled in fine style with 
a large number of great men to take care of him. 
In every town through which they passed, the 
people cheered for Prince Alfred and treated him 

88 



ALFRED THE GREAT AND GOOD 89 

like a king. Everybody liked him and he became 
quite famous on this trip. 

He went to see the pope and the pope anointed 
his head with oil, as Samuel anointed David, 
to show that he was to have a part of his father's 
kingdom some day. Alfred returned home much 
pleased with the world and more anxious than 
ever to grow up into a good, honest, brave man. 

He made another trip to Rome when he was 
older. This time his father went with him and 
they stayed there a year. On this trip the king, 
Alfred's father, fell in love with the daughter of 
the king of France ; and they were married. She 
came to England with them ; and, for a time, they 
all lived very happily. 

Alfred and His New Mother 

Alfred liked his new mother for she was only 
a little older than he was and she was a good 
comrade. She was a good mother, too, and 
taught Alfred many things. She answered all 
his questions and explained many things that he 
had never understood. 

Alfred was fond of poems and liked to hear 



90 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

them read and to learn them, but he had never 
learned to read though he was twelve years old. 
In those days there were no printed books and 
very few persons could read. 

Alfred's new mother had a book of poems 
written out in a very beautiful manner. One 
day she showed this book to Alfred and his 
brothers. 

"I will give this to the one who first learns 
to read it," she said. 

The older boys did not care to try, but Alfred 
found some one to teach him. In a short time 
he read the poems to her, and she gave him the 
book. After that Alfred read all the books he 
could get. 

The Coming of the Danes 

Alfred's country was troubled a great deal by 
a heathen people called the Danes. A crowd 
of them would come in boats and swoop down 
upon a place and rob and plunder and kill. They 
even robbed the churches and killed the priests. 
The English people tried to keep them away but 
for years they kept on coming. 



ALFRED THE GREAT AND GOOD 91 

At last Alfred became king. He made up his 
mind to try very hard to conquer the Danes. 
A great many had come by this time, and they 
did not come for a short time as they had at first 
done. They meant to make England their home 
and take it from Alfred's people. They were so 
many and so warlike that Alfred could not con- 
quer them. 

As years passed Alfred's army grew smaller 
and smaller. At last he had no friends left. He 
became a poor wanderer, hiding from his enemies 
as David hid from Saul. 

Alfred Lets the Cakes Burn 

Alfred fled to the west through the woods and 
wild places. He found his way to the hut of a 
poor cowherd. The cowherd took him in and 
gave him food. Here Alfred stayed for some 
time. He did not tell them that he was the king. 
He would sit in the hut, thinking of his ill fortune 
and trying to plan some way to gain his kingdom 
again. 

One evening the cowherd's wife was baking 
some cakes for their supper. Since she had to 



92 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



leave the hut for a few minutes, she said to Alfred, 
"Watch these cakeg and mind that you do not 
let them burn." 




He found his way to the Hut of a Poor Cowherd. 



The king promised, but in a minute or two he 
fell into thinking of his troubles and forgot all 
about the cakes. 

When the woman came back and saw the cakes 
smoking, she was angry. "Shame on you!" 
she cried. "You are willing enough to eat the 



ALFRED THE GREAT AND GOOD 93 

cakes when they are baked, but too lazy and good 
for nothing to watch them and keep them from 
burning/ ' 

Alfred took his scolding with patience, for he 
knew he deserved it. 

h 

Sharing the Last Loaf 

After some time Alfred was able to get together 
a few men who were faithful to him. With these 
he lived on an island in a swamp. Here his 
enemies could not find him and sometimes he 
would surprise small parties of Danes by a night 
attack. Often he and his men were near starving, 
however. 

One cold winter day Alfred and his men had 
scarcely anything left. His men went fishing 
and they took their bows and arrows, hoping 
to kill something for food. Alfred was left alone 
except for the woman who took care of the 
house. 

As the king sat reading a book, a beggar came 
to the door and asked for food. Alfred asked the 
woman to see what they had. She said that 
there was but one loaf of bread in the house. 



94 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

The kind-hearted king told her to give half 
of it to the beggar, and trust to God for 
help. 

That evening the hunting party returned with 
plenty of fish and game. 

Alfred Visits the Camp of the Danes 

Some time later some friends of Alfred won a 
victory over the Danes. But there was still a 
large army of the Danes left. Before fighting 
these, Alfred wanted to know just how many 
there were and what they were planning. He 
made up his mind to find this out for himself. 

In those days men who could play the harp 
and sing often followed armies. They were 
given food and money for singing to the soldiers. 
Alfred, like King David, could play and sing. 
He dressed himself as a harper and went to the 
camp of the Danes. They, of course, never 
dreamed that this was their great enemy. 

He played and sang and then begged money 
from them. Alfred's playing and singing were so 
fine that their general had him come to his tent 
so that he might hear the harper. The general 



ALFRED THE GREAT AND GOOD 95 



was pleased with the musician's singing, and 
treated him with great kindness. 

When Alfred had found out all that he wanted 
to know, he went away as if to find some other 
place to beg and 
play. 

Calling together 
all his friends, 
Alfred led them 
to the camp of 
the Danes. The 
Danes were sur- 
prised and soon 
fled. Two weeks 
later their general, 
the same one for 
whom Alfred had 
sung, surrendered. 
Alfred treated him 
well. He allowed 
his former enemy 
to rule over a part 
of England, but made the Dane promise never to 
fight against the English again. The general be- 




He dressed Himself as a Harper 
and went to the camp of the 
Danes. 



96 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

came a Christian and was Alfred's friend from 
that time on. 

Alfred the Good King 

Alfred was now greater than ever. In fact 
he became the best king England has ever had. 
After his victory over the Danes he ruled for 
twenty-three years. He built again the cities 
which the Danes had burned. He built ships 
to sail along the coast and keep out the Danes. 
He did many other things to make England a 
safe place in which to live. 

He made new laws and punished every one who 
broke them. So well were the laws kept that it 
is said that golden bracelets could hang by the 
roadsides and no one would dare to touch them. 

Alfred wanted his people to know more than 
they did. He started schools. One of them 
became the great school now called Oxford 
University. The king wrote parts of the Bible 
in English. He carried a book with him at all 
times and read whenever he had time. He was 
a very good man and spent part of every day in 
prayer. 



ALFRED THE GREAT AND GOOD 97 

Alfred was fifty- two years old when he died. 
Every one was sorry when he heard of Alfred's 
death, for all loved him. For his part, he had 
loved his people as a father loves his children. 
So far as we know, he had never done a cruel or 
mean thing. England has had many kings, but 
only Alfred is called "the Great. " All writers 
of history agree that he also deserves to be called 
Alfred the Good. 



/ 



KING CANUTE 

A Bad King Becomes Good 

TV/TORE than a hundred years after Alfred 
died, a Dane became king of all England. 
His name was Canute. Many Danes were now 
Christians and the king was one. But at first 
he did not act like a Christian. He had many 
of his enemies put to death. 

There were two boys whom he was afraid the 
people might some day want to have as kings. 
These lads he sent to another king and hinted 
that the other king should have them put to death. 
But the other king did not do so. 

As Canute grew older he became a better 
Christian and a better king. He built towns and 
roads and gave money to the churches. He tried 
to make the people of England his friends. He 
was sorry that he had been so cruel. 

In those days when a man had done something 
wrong he tried to make it right by going as a 

98 



KING CANUTE 



99 



pilgrim to some sacred place. To make amends 
for his cruelty, Canute, with a staff in his hand 




"Come not any farther," cried Canute. 

and a sack on his back, like a beggar, walked most 
of the way to Rome and back. 



100 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Teaching Foolish Men a Lesson 

A famous story is told of Canute. The men 
who were at his court were always praising him. 
They would tell him how great he was and that 
every one and everything must obey him. Be- 
coming weary of it, the king made up his mind to 
teach his foolish men a lesson. 

One day they had told him that he was lord of 
the land and sea. 

"And will the sea obey me if I command it?" 
he asked. 

The men were afraid that the king would be 
angry if they said "No." Therefore, they an- 
swered, "Yes, king." 

Then the king had them carry his throne to the 
seashore when the tide was out. The king sat 
upon the throne and the men stood around him. 
Soon the tide began to rise. The water of the 
sea crept up slowly toward the king. 

"Come not any farther," cried Canute, "nor 
dare to wet the feet of thy king." But the sea 
rose higher and higher. 

Turning to his men, who were ashamed of their 



KING CANUTE 101 

foolish talk, he said, "You see there is only One 
who can say to the sea, ' Thus far and no farther/ " 
He had them carry him back from the shore. 
It is said that he then took off his crown and hung 
it up in the church and never wore it again. 



ROBERT BRUCE 

Scotland Conquered 

TV/TORE than six hundred years ago the king 
of England tried to make himself king 
of Scotland also. He did conquer Scotland. 

The Scots had a sacred stone on which for hun- 
dreds of years their kings had been crowned. 
They believed that the Scots would rule wherever 
that stone might be. This stone King Edward 
of England carried home with him and had it put 
under the chair in which the kings of England are 
crowned. There it remains to-day. 

The Scots soon rose against Edward. Under 
William Wallace they set themselves free. For 
seven years Wallace fought against Edward. At 
last through a man who he thought was his friend 
Wallace was taken by the English. He was carried 
in chains to England and hanged. He was put to 
death because he loved and fought for his country. 
The Scots honor him to-day as their greatest hero. 

102 



ROBERT BRUCE 103 

The Scots' New Leader 

After Wallace was hanged Edward thought 
that now he had indeed conquered the Scots. 
But again it was only a short time until they rose 
against him. This time their leader was Robert 
Bruce. Bruce had fought under Wallace, but 
later he begged pardon of Edward and lived with 
him in England. Now, however, he made up his 
mind to free his country. 

The story is told that Edward heard what 
Bruce was planning and meant to have him 
killed. Meantime a friend sent Bruce a pair 
of spurs. He took this to mean that he must 
ride for his life. He had the shoes put on his 
horse the wrong way so that his enemies would 
not be able to follow his tracks. He reached 
Scotland without any one's trying to stop him. 

Soon afterwards Bruce was crowned king of 
Scotland. He was now a king, but a king without 
a country, for the country was full of men who 
were his enemies. Some of the Scots were friends 
of the English king. 

Edward now got ready an army to conquer the 



104 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Scots again. He made a vow that he would not 
go home until he had conquered them. He kept 
his vow in a way he did not dream of, for he died 
before he reached Scotland. Before he died he 
said that his men should carry his dead body at 
the head of the army as it marched into the land 
of the Scots ; but this was not done. 

A Lesson from a Spider 

For a time Bruce, like Alfred, had to hide from 
his enemies. Sometimes he would fight with 
small bands of them, but he could not do much 
toward setting his country free. At last he had 
to hide on an island. 

The story is told that he was about to give up 
the fight. But as he lay in bed one morning, 
he saw a spider trying to throw its thread from 
one beam to another. Six times it tried it and 
failed. 

"I, too, have tried six times and failed/' thought 
Bruce, "if it tries again, so will I." 

Again the spider tried ; and this time it did not 
fail. Bruce returned to Scotland and this time 
he beat some of his enemies. 



ROBERT BRUCE 105 

Two Narrow Escapes 

Many stories are told about Bruce in an old 
poem. One is that one band of his enemies got 
a bloodhound that Bruce had once owned, and 
put him on the trail of the king. Bruce sent all 
his men away but one. Five swift men of the 
enemy overtook the king. Three tried to kill him 
and the other two to kill his friend. Bruce killed 
one and the other two drew back. Then he killed 
one of those who were fighting with his friend. The 
two who had stepped back again came on again. 
Bruce killed both while his friend killed the fifth one. 

The rest of the enemy were not far away. The 
king was so tired that he said he could not go any 
farther. If it had not been for his friend now, 
Scotland would not have been freed. He urged 
the king to try to go a little farther. They reached 
a stream of water and waded in it so that the dog 
could not follow their tracks; in that way they 
got away from their enemies. 

After a short rest the king and his friend went 
on. Soon they met three men. The men said 
that they were looking for Robert Bruce. 



106 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



"Keep on your way and you may soon see 
him," said the king. 




He urged the King to try to go a little Farther. 

The men thought, "This is he;" but they did 
not say so. The king knew what they were 



ROBERT BRUCE 107 

thinking and that they would try to kill him 
when they saw a good chance. 

They went on till they came to a hut. There 
they all ate supper together and lay down to 
sleep, the three men at one end of the hut and 
Bruce and his friend at the other. But Bruce 
and his friend took turns watching. 

At last Bruce waked suddenly to find his friend 
asleep, too. He saw the three men coming to- 
wards him. He gave his friend a kick to wake 
him, and leaped up sword in hand. The strangers 
killed his friend, but they met their deaths at 
Bruce's hands, so skillful was he with the sword. 

Bruce Finds a Friend 

Later Bruce came to a hut where lived an old 
woman. He begged her to give him some food. 

"Come in," she said ; "I give to every one who 
asks for the sake of one, for I should be very sad 
if he asked and I, not knowing him, refused." 

"And who is this one?" asked Bruce. 

"It is King Robert Bruce, who is now hard 
pressed by his enemies, poor man," answered the 
woman. 



108 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

"I am Robert Bruce," the king replied. 

With great happiness at seeing the king of 
whom she had heard and thought much, she gave 
him a good meal. 

How a Castle was Taken 

After a time Bruce began to win battles. He 
had a friend, James Douglas, who won many battles 
for him. He was called the Black Douglas, be- 
cause of his dark skin and black hair. 

One castle was taken by Bruce's men somewhat 
as the Greeks took Troy. 

The English in the castle had been buying hay 

for their horses from a Scotch farmer. One day 

he brought a load of hay, with some Scots 

hidden under it. The farmer stopped his horse 

so that the wagon kept the English from shutting 

the gates. The Scots that were hidden in the hay 

leaped down and kept back the English until 

more Scots came. In that way the castle was 

taken. 

Battle of Bannockburn 

At last in 1314 the great battle of Bannockburn 
was fought. Before the battle Bruce told his 



ROBERT BRUCE 109 

men that if any one was afraid, he should leave. 
Not a man left. As it was, Bruce had the smaller 
army, but they had the better place to stand. 















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Then Bruce with his Ax split the Head of the Knight. 

Bruce rode up and down his lines on his pony. 
An English knight rode out and offered to fight 
with one of the Scots. Bruce himself rode to 
meet the knight. From the first thrust of the 
knight's lance, the king's pony stepped aside, 
taking his rider out of danger. Then Bruce with 
his ax split the head of the knight. This success 
cheered the Scots, though they saw the handle of 



110 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

the ax break and the force of the blow throw 
Bruce to the ground. 

Some of the leaders in his army told Bruce that 
he should not have risked his life but should have 
let some one else fight for him. All he answered 
was that it was a pity that he had broken his good 
battle-ax. 

King Edward, -son of the other Edward, led the 
English. Before the battle he saw the Scotch 
soldiers kneel. 

"See!" he cried, "they kneel for mercy." 

"You are right, Sire," answered one of his 
generals, "but they kneel to a greater King than 
you. It is God's mercy they ask. These men 
mean to win or die." 

In the battle that followed, the English were 
beaten with great loss. They never again tried 
to conquer the Scots. 

Bruce was king for fifteen years after this great 
battle and when he died his son became king. 
The Scots remained free. Nearly three hundred 
years later King James of Scotland became king 
of England and the two countries have had the 
same king or queen ever since. 



ROBERT BRUCE 111 

Bruce's Heart 

Bruce had made a vow that, after Scotland 
was freed, he would lead an army to the land 
where Christ had lived. That land was held by 
a people who were not Christians. In those days 
it was thought that God would be pleased with 
any one who fought with them and tried to take 
this land from them. Bruce did not live to keep 
his vow. However, before he died he had his 
friend, the Black Douglas, promise to carry his 
heart to the Holy Land. 

When Bruce died, Douglas had the dead king's 
heart taken out and put in a silver casket ; and, 
with it, Douglas started for the Holy Land. 

On the way, however, he stopped to help in a 
war against the Moors in Spain. With the casket 
slung around his neck he rode bravely into the 
midst of the Moors. But the few Scots who were 
with him were soon overcome and Douglas him- 
self was killed. 

After the battle the king's heart was found. 
With the body of Douglas it was sent back to 
Scotland and buried there. 



JOAN OF ARC 

An English King in France 

/^NCE an English king was trying to make 
^^^ himself king of France. He claimed the 
throne because of a promise the French had made 
to his father. But the French did not want to be 
ruled by an English king, and they fought to put 
Charles, a son of their last king, on the throne. 

The English had taken city after city. They 
were trying to take Orleans, the last strong city 
of the French. After the French had given up all 
hope, a wonderful thing happened: Orleans was 
saved and Charles was made king. All this was 
brought about by a poor peasant girl only seven- 
teen years of age. This girl was Joan of Arc. 

Joan and her Visions 

Joan was the daughter of a poor farmer. She 

had not been taught to read and write. She 

worked in the fields, even plowing at times ; and 

112 



JOAN OF ARC 113 

she also watched the sheep. When she had no 
work she would go to the church and pray. 
While she worked in the fields, if the church bell 
rang, she would stop her work and pray. The 
other girls often laughed at her because she pre- 
ferred going to church and praying to joining in a 
song or a dance. 

When Joan was between twelve and thirteen 
years of age she began, so she said, to see visions 
and to hear the voices of the dead. One summer 
day a great light shone about her as she was work- 
ing in the garden ; and a voice told her to be good 
and trust in the Lord. Again when she was in 
the meadow watching the sheep, she saw a splen- 
did looking angel and other angels with him. This 
angel told her that she was to save France and 
that she must go to help King Charles. Joan, 
with tears, answered that she could not lead an 
army. Again she heard voices telling her to go 
and save France. 

Joan had often heard that a certain wise old 
man had said that a girl should some day save 
France. As Joan grew up she came to believe that 
she was the person whom the prophet had meant. 



114 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Joan's father thought her foolish. He said he 
would rather see her drown than go with the army. 
She did not like to disobey her father but she 
felt she must obey the angels. When she heard 
that the English were about to take Orleans, she 
made up her mind to go at once. 

Joan Goes to the King 

Joan went first to her uncle and told him of 
her visions and the voices. Her own belief was 
so strong that it made him believe in her. Others 
whom she met also believed in her. At last Joan 
set out with her brother and a few other men 
for the place where Charles was. She was 
dressed like a soldier, rode a horse, and wore a 
sword at her side. 

Her going was a brave thing to do and an 
undertaking full of danger. She had to go two 
hundred and fifty miles through a rough country. 
At any time she might meet English soldiers. 
But Joan was not afraid. 

"God clears the way for me/' she said, "it was 
for this that I was born," 

In eleven days they reached the village where 



JOAN OF ARC 115 

Charles was. At first people laughed at her, but 

Joan was so good and pure that every one liked 

her; and she believed so strongly in her visions 

and voices that she made every one else believe 

in them. After three days Charles agreed to see 

her. 

The King Tests Joan 

Charles wished to find out if Joan really could 
do such things as the people said. He told one 
of the men with him to dress up in fine clothes ; 
he himself put on plain clothes to receive Joan. 
There were about three hundred men in the hall. 
Joan, after looking over them, at once picked out 
the king. Going to Charles, she fell on her knees 
before him. 

"I am not the king," said Charles and pointed 
to the man in the splendid clothes. 

You are the king and no other," said Joan. 

I am Joan, the maid whom God has sent to aid 
you. I have come to save Orleans and then take 
you to Rheims. There you will be crowned 
king." 

After talking to her, Charles began to think 
that she was, indeed, sent from God. Trusting 






116 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 




They gave Joan a Horse and a 
Suit of White Armor. 



in her inspiration, 
he allowed her to 
lead the army. 

Another thing 
that happened 
made the soldiers 
have a still greater 
belief in her. One 
day a soldier 
made a rude re- 
mark to her. 
" One who may 
be near his end 
should not use 
such words/ : 
answered Joan. 
That very day 
the soldier was 
drowned in try- 
ing to cross a 
river. The people 
thought her a 
prophet after 



that, and believed whatever she foretold, 



JOAN OF ARC • 117 

They gave Joan a horse and a suit of white 
armor. She carried a sword, but what she loved 
most was a white banner that she carried in the 
midst of all her battles. 

Orleans Saved 

She hurried on to Orleans ahead of the army 
and entered the city with two hundred men. The 
English were all so anxious to see the wonderful 
girl soldier that they forgot to try to keep her 
from entering. The women, children, and old 
men in the city crowded about her to touch her 
armor or even her horse. 

Around Orleans were forts which the English 
held. The French now took these one by one. 
Soon all but one of the forts were taken from the 
English. It was a very strong fort. The generals 
wanted to wait for more soldiers before trying to 
take it. 

To this plan, Joan objected, saying: "You 
have been at counsel. So have I. My counsel 
was with the Lord. Be ready at the break of 
day and we shall take the fort. But much blood 
will flow and I shall be wounded." 



118 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

The next morning she led the French to the 
fort and was the first to plant a ladder against its 
walls. She was wounded in the neck and was car- 
ried away by some of the French soldiers. From 
the wound she pulled the arrow with her own 
hands. First she wept, but then she prayed and 
bore the pain bravely. 

A little later she saw that the French were 
giving way. Then she mounted her horse and 
rode toward the walls. She cried out that if 
her banner once touched the walls the French 
should enter. The English had thought her 
killed; and, terrified at the sight of her, they 
fled. Soon the fort was taken and now Orleans 
was safe. 

The bells of the city were rung all night for joy ; 
and praises to God were sung in the churches. 

Charles Crowned 

Joan now urged Charles to go on to Rheims. 
On the way, city after city was taken. On July 
15th the French entered Rheims. Joan and 
Charles rode side by side at the head of the army. 
Two days later Charles was crowned king. 



JOAN OF ARC 119 

Joan then threw herself upon her knees and, 
with tears, said, "0 king, now the will of God is 
done." She begged to go back to her father and 
mother and keep her sheep again. 

The king, however, wanted her to stay with 
the army. 

Joan Put to Death 

Joan now seemed to have lost her power. She 
no longer won any battles; and, about a year 
after Orleans was saved, she was taken prisoner 
by some friends of the English. By them she 
was sold to the English. 

For six months she was kept in prison and then 
taken to another city and placed in an iron cage 
with chains on her limbs. They said that she 
was a witch and that she had done her great deeds 
by the help of the Evil One. She was given a 
trial that lasted a long time. At last the judges 
said that she must be put to death. 

When Joan heard this, she wept bitterly and 
tore her hair. 

If only Charles had allowed her to go home as 
she had wished, the girl's life would have been 



120 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

saved. Even now the heartless king did not try 
to save her from death after all she had done for 
him. 

Joan was burned at the stake and her ashes 
thrown into the river. 

Every one knows now how foolish and how 
false the things were that they said about her. 
She had been put to death only because the 
English hated her for having saved her country 
and king. 

A monument now stands on the spot where 
she was burned. The French people still honor 
her and all the world admires her as the greatest 
heroine of any time or of any land. 



HAROUN AL RASCHID 

Haroun and Charles the Great 

TN the time of Charles the Great and his wise 
peers, Roland and Oliver, there was a large 
country in Asia where lived people of the same 
religion as the Moors. Their ruler was called a 
caliph, and the city where the caliphs lived was 
called Bagdad. 

The most famous of the caliphs of Bagdad was 
Haroun al Raschid. His name means Aaron the 
Just. Though Charles the Great fought against 
the same people in Spain, yet he and Haroun were 
friends. If they had lived near each other, no 
doubt they would have been enemies. But 
there was another great country between them 
whose rulers neither Charles nor Haroun liked. 

Haroun sent Charles a wonderful clock. It 
was not run as our clocks are by a spring that is 
wound up. This clock was run by water. It 
pointed out' the hours and struck them by the 

121 



122 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

falling of little balls on a bell. The Franks had 
never before seen a clock that struck the hours. 
This clock did more than that. When it struck 
one, a door opened and a knight came riding forth 
on a horse; at two o'clock two knights came 
riding forth; and so on, until at twelve, twelve 
knights rode forth. 

Haroun also sent the Franks another present 
of something they had never seen before. That 
present was an elephant. 

Haroun as a Boy 

In spite of the fact that Haroun was ruler of a 
great people, his mother had been a slave woman. 
We do not know much about him as a boy. There 
were good schools in his country, better than in 
the West, but Haroun was taught at home by a 
wise old man. One of the things he studied was 
the book which the people of that religion use as 
their Bible. 

When Haroun was only eighteen he was such a 
good soldier that his father allowed him to lead 
an army. Against the country between Charles 
and Haroun, whose ruler was a woman named 



HAROUN AL RASCHID 123 

Irene, Haroun carried on a war when he was 
still a boy. He forced Irene to agree to pay 
seventy thousand pieces of gold every year to 
the caliph. 

Haroun's older brother was caliph after their 
father died. He hated Haroun and planned to 
kill him, but he died before he could carry out 
his plan. 

Haroun then became caliph at the age of 
twenty-one. He made the son of his old teacher 
his chief officer. He chose such good men as his 
officers that his reign was the best his people had 
ever known. 

Haroun the Ruler 

Haroun himself was a scholar and a poet, and 
he kept scholars and poets at his court. When- 
ever he built a church he built a school along with 
it. He had one wise man to give him advice and 
to tell him when he did something that was wrong. 

Haroun was not like many men of his time who 
punished persons because they were of a different 
religion from his. His chief officer was not of the 
same religion as the caliph, and yet for a long time 



124 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

they loved each other as if they were brothers. 
Haroun even built a church for the Christians to 
worship in when they came as pilgrims to the 
Holy Land. 

To gain more knowledge of his people, the caliph 
often dressed himself so that no one would know 
him and went about by night, listening to what 
persons said and asking them questions. He 
wanted to find out if his officers treated the people 
justly and whether the people were pleased with 
his laws. If a person came to him with a com- 
plaint, he would hear the person's story. If the 
man or woman had been treated badly, Haroun 
would see that the wrong was righted. That 
is how he got the name of al Raschid, or the 
Just. 

Haroun loved to hear wonderful stories. Any 
one who came to his court and told some strange 
tale that was different from any the caliph had 
every heard, was sure to receive a reward. 

The palace of Haroun in Bagdad was more 
splendid and beautiful than that of any caliph 
before him. He lived there in great splendor. 
He had hundreds of slaves to wait upon him, 



HAROUN AL RASCHID 



125 




Hakoun loved to hear Wonderful Stories. 



126 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

and many great men lived all the time in the 
palace to be his friends and companions. 

Though he was less cruel than most rulers of 
those days, there was one time when the great 
caliph was very cruel and unjust. That was when 
he found out that his chief officer, whom he loved 
so well, had secretly married the caliph's sister. 
Haroun had his sister, with her husband and his 
father and brothers, put to death. He even 
ordered that any one who mourned for this officer 
should be killed. 

Haroun and the Roman Ruler 

The next ruler of the land which Irene had 
ruled wrote that he would not pay the seventy 
thousand pieces of gold a year to the caliph. He 
sent men with a bundle of swords to Haroun as 
a sign that he would rather fight than pay. 

Haroun smiled and drew his own sword. With 
one stroke of it, he cut all the Roman swords in 
two. Yet his sword was not made dull. His 
people had for a long time made the best swords 
in the world. 

He wrote a short letter to the other ruler. It 



HAROUN AL RASCHID 127 

read : "Haroun al Raschid to the Roman dog. I 
have read thy letter. Thou shalt not hear, 
thou shalt see my answer." He meant that he 
would bring his soldiers and that when the other 
ruler should see them, he would see Haroun's 
answer. 

He did lead his army into the other country; 
and he burned the houses and destroyed every- 
thing he came to, until the ruler was glad to 
promise to pay the gold. 

A second time the ruler refused to pay and 
Haroun went into his country and beat him in a 
great battle. A third time he refused. The 
caliph now vowed that he would kill that ruler if 
he ever got his hands on him. 

Haroun, however, had long been suffering from 
a disease ; and, as he was marching again to meet 
the Roman ruler, the great caliph died. It was 
not many years after his death until, like the 
kingdom of Alexander, his great country was 
broken up and its greatness passed away. 



MARCO POLO 

/^\VER 600 years ago two brothers named 
Polo started from Italy and went east- 
ward until at last they reached what is now 
China. They visited there the king, who was a 
very great king. A few years later they went 
again. This time one of the brothers took with 
him his son, Marco. 

Marco was seventeen years old when he started. 
It took more than three years to get to where the 
great king lived. The journey was well worth 
while, for the king liked young Marco, kept him 
at the court twenty years, and made him an 
officer. Marco carried messages for the king to 
all parts of the country, and saw many strange 
things. 

Marco's father was now getting old and wanted 
to go home to die. They went back, therefore, 
to Italy. Before they left, the king gave them gold 
and precious stones. 

128 



MARCO POLO 129 

When they got home, they invited their friends 
to a feast. Their friends thought they had come 
back as poor as they had gone. The Polos 
brought out their old coats that they had worn in 
China. They began to tear up the coats. Gold 
and precious stones fell out. Their friends had 
never seen so much riches before. 

Some time later there was a war between the 
city where the Polos lived and another city. 
Marco Polo was taken by his enemies and put 
in jail for nearly a year. While there he told all 
about his travels to another prisoner. This other 
prisoner wrote out a book of what Marco told. 

Some people thought Marco's stories were not 
true because he told of a great ocean east of 
China and a large island to the east. But we 
know now that what he told about the ocean and 
island was true. 



COLUMBUS, THE FINDER OF A 
WORLD 

A Boy Who Wanted to Be a Sailor 

V^OU remember it was said that Alexander 
conquered the world. His world was a 
very small one, however. Yet for hundreds of 
years after his death no one ever dreamed that 
far across the western seas was a land much larger 
than Alexander's world. That land was our own 
land, America. It was Christopher Columbus 
who found this new world only a little more than 
four hundred years ago. 

Christopher Columbus was born in a great city 
of Italy, the same city where Marco Polo had been 
in jail. It was a city to which many ships came 
and from which many ships sailed. Christopher 
wanted to be a sailor. He liked to play down by 
the sea and watch the ships sailing away. He 
liked to talk with the sailors and have them tell 
of the lands they had seen. 

130 



THE FINDER OF A WORLD 



131 







He liked to Play down by the Sea. 



132 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

His father was willing that he should be a 
sailor. He sent Christopher to school, to learn 
the many things that a sailor must know. He 
studied geography and learned to draw maps. 
He learned how sailors tell which way they are 
going by looking at the stars. He liked to read 
books that told about countries far away. He 
may have read the book written by Marco 
Polo. 

Christopher did not wait until he grew up to 
become a sailor. When he was only fourteen, he 
went to sea. For many years he lived upon a ship 
and went to many places. 

When Columbus grew up he married, and for 
a time gave up being a sailor. He made a living 
by making maps and selling them to sailors. 

A New Way to the East 

For many years spices and drugs and silks had 
been brought to Italy and other countries from 
the lands in the East. The silks and other things 
were brought on camels across the sandy deserts 
to where they could be loaded on ships. But at 
last the people living in and around the deserts 



THE FINDER OF A WORLD 133 

stopped this trade and would not allow the silks 
and spices to be carried through their land. 

A new way had to be found. Prince Henry of 
Portugal thought that the best way was to go 
around Africa. He sent sailors to try this. 

Columbus, like the others, wanted to find a 
new way to reach the land of silks and spices. 
One day he was looking at a map. All at once 
it came into his mind that there was another way 
that was very easy. He believed that the earth 
is round. He believed that the ocean Polo 
had seen east of China was the same one that was 
west of Spain. 

Why, if the earth is round/ ' he thought, 
cannot one start and sail west from Spain and 
sail on and on west and in that way reach the 
East?" 

The more he thought about it the surer he felt 
that it could be done. But he was too poor to 
fit out even one ship himself. To get help he had 
to go to some king. 

It took a very bold man in Columbus's time to 
think of crossing the Sea of Darkness as the 
Atlantic Ocean was called. Sailors were afraid 



u 
it 



134 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

to go far from land. They thought they might 
come to the edge of the ocean and fall off or that 
some horrible monster would swallow their ships. 

Seeking Help 

Columbus first went to Portugal. He thought, 
as the sailors of that country were trying to find a 
way to those lands, that the king would be glad 
to hear of a new way. 

The king, however, did a very mean thing. 
Without telling Columbus, he sent out a ship to 
see if there was land to the west. The ship sailed 
west until a great storm arose. This so frightened 
the sailors that they sailed back and told the 
king that Columbus's plan was a foolish one. 

Columbus was angry at being treated in this 
way. He left Portugal and went to Spain. 

It was not a good time for getting the king and 
queen of Spain to listen to him, for a war was 
going on. The Christians were again trying to con- 
quer the Moors who still lived in southern Spain. 

The king and queen were too busy to hear 
Columbus, but they had him go before some men 
who were thought wise and explain his plan. 



THE FINDER OF A WORLD 135 

They asked what they thought were wise ques- 
tions. 

" Can there be people on the other side of the 
earth who walk with their heels upward and 
their heads hanging down?" they asked. "Can 
the rain fall upward, and the snow ? " " Can trees 
grow with their roots upward and their branches 
below their roots?" Thinking that things must 
exist upside down in a country located on the 
opposite side of the world, the wise men laughed, 
and told the king and queen the East could not 
be reached in the way Columbus had proposed. 

Still Columbus waited month after month for 
several years, begging the king and queen to try 
his plan. The people thought him crazy, and 
even the children would tap their heads as he 
passed along the streets. At last he made up 
his mind to go to France. 

The Convent of Saint Mary 

There is a little town on the coast of Spain, 
named Palos. On a hill near the town is a house 
where priests once lived. The house, which still 
stands, is called the convent of Saint Mary. 



136 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

One morning the good priest who was at the 
head of the convent saw a tired man leading a 
little boy by the hand. The man came to the 
convent and knocked at the door. 

"Good father/' said the man, "my little son 
is hungry and thirsty. Will you kindly give him 
a piece of bread and a cup of water ?" 

The good priest gladly did this and told them 
to stay there and rest. 

The priest began to talk to the man. "Who 
are you and where are you going ?" he asked. 

"My name is Christopher Columbus/' answered 
the man. "I have been trying to get the king 
and queen of Spain to give me men and ships to 
find a new way to the East. But they will not 
listen to me. I am now on my way to ask the 
king of France to help me/' 

Then Columbus told the priest all about his 
long, hard years of waiting. When he finished, 
the priest said: "Do not leave Spain. The 
queen is my friend. I will ask her to listen to 
you again." 

The priest wrote to a friend and the friend talked 
to the queen. She sent money to Columbus to 



THE FINDER OF A WORLD 137 




Then Columbus went to the Queen. 



138 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



buy himself better clothes and come to her again. 
Then Columbus left his son at the convent, and 
went to the queen. 



Help at Last 

When at last Isa- 
bella told Columbus 
that she would give 
him men and ships, 
he cried for joy. This 
was no wonder, for 
he had now waited 
seven years. He said 
that all the riches he 
should find he would 
use to fit out an army 
for taking the towns 
and places where 
Christ had lived and 
making the Holy 
Land a Christian 
land. 

Columbus was given the power to force men 
to go with him, for the sailors did not want to 




It was called the Santa 
Maria. 



THE FINDER OF A WORLD 139 

go. At last three little ships were got ready with 
about one hundred and twenty men. The ships 
were very small. The largest, the one in which 
Columbus sailed, was only ninety feet long. It 
was called the Santa Maria, the Spanish words 
for Saint Mary. 

Before sunrise on Friday morning, August 3, 
1492, the three little ships left Palos. You 
remember, before the battle in which Roland was 
killed the bishop had the soldiers confess their 
sins and receive his blessing. Columbus's friend, 
the good priest of the convent, had the sailors 
do these things before starting. It was a sad 
parting from their friends, for their friends thought 
they would never see them again. 

The Voyage 

They first stopped at some islands and then 
started on westward. When at last land could 
not be seen, the sailors shed tears. But Colum- 
bus talked to them of the riches they would find, 
and cheered them. 

The wind kept blowing them westward. "How 
can we ever sail back home?" thought the sailors. 



140 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Another thing frightened them. The needle of 
the compass no longer pointed north. The men 
began to complain. But still Columbus sailed 
on. 

The sailors at last even talked of throwing him 
into the sea and then turning back. 

Soon, however, they began to see signs of land. 
Birds such as live on or near land were seen. A 
branch with berries on it floated past. A staff 
was drawn out of the water, which every one saw 
must have been cut and carved by man. 

A Light! A Light! 

On the evening of October 11th every one felt 
that land was near. Columbus stood on the 
deck of his ship, trying to look through the dark- 
ness. About 10 o'clock he saw a light. He called 
a sailor to him and the sailor, too, saw the light. A 
few hours later the men on one of the other ships 
fired a gun. The signal meant that land was in 
sight. 

No one slept that night. The sailors who had 
talked of throwing Columbus into the sea fell on 
their knees and begged for pardon. Others threw 



THE FINDER OF A WORLD 141 

their arms around his neck; others kissed his 
hands. 

On Friday morning, October 12, 1492, Colum- 
bus dressed himself in a bright red robe; and, 
carrying the flag of Spain in his hands, he landed 
on the island. He and his men fell on their knees 
and kissed the earth. Then Columbus drew his 
sword and said that this land should belong to the 
king and queen of Spain. 

Because Columbus thought he had reached 
India, he called the people he found on the island 
Indians. He sailed on and found more islands. 
He still thought these were the lands Polo and 
others had told of, but he could find out nothing 
from the Indians about any great king. At last 
on January 4th he started home. 

The Return 

There was joy in Palos when he returned. The 
bells were rung in the churches and the people 
ran through the streets shouting. Through the 
crowds, Columbus went on to the king and queen. 

He was received with great honor. They made 
him sit down and tell them of all he had seen. He 



142 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

showed them the six Indians he had brought with 
him and the strange plants and birds. 

When he finished, the king and queen knelt 
and praised God ; and the people sang a song of 
praise to God. 

Columbus sailed three more times to America 
after this, but found no riches as he had thought 
to do. Once some Spanish men, who had made 
their home on the islands Columbus had found, 
put Columbus in chains and sent him back to 
Spain. 

The queen was always his friend, but after she 
died he had no one to take his part. He died a 
poor and broken-hearted man. He asked that 
the chains in which he had been sent back to 
Spain should be buried with him. 

Though he had not found a new way to Asia, 
he had found the way to a new world. He died, 
however, without knowing what a great thing he 
had done. To the end of his life he thought he 
had reached Asia. 



THE PEOPLE COLUMBUS FOUND 



What They Looked Like 

A LL of you have seen pictures of the people 
Columbus found here; and some of you 
have seen some Indians. They are called red 
men, but their skin 
is more of a copper 
color than red. They 
have straight, black 
hair. Their jaws are 
large; their cheek 
bones, high; their 
noses, large and either 
straight or curved. 
They have small 
black eyes, set deep 
in. 




They are called Red Men. 



Some of the Indians to-day live and dress like 
the white people. In the time of Columbus all 
wore clothes of deerskin. They wore beads 

143 



144 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

around their necks and feathers in their hair. 
The men shaved all their hair but one lock, called 
the scalp lock. When an Indian killed another 
man in war, he cut the skin around this lock and 
pulled it off. The one who got the most scalps 
was thought a great hero. 

The Indians wore soft shoes of deerskin. 
These shoes were called moccasins. In winter 
they used broad, flat snowshoes so that they 
could not sink in the snow. 

How They Fought and Made Peace 

They fought with bows and arrows. These 
they made with nothing better for a knife than 
a bone, a shell, or a sharp stone. They fastened 
a piece of hard stone to the one end of the arrow 
and a feather to the other. The feather was to 
make the arrow fly straight. The cord for the 
bow was of deerskin. 

The Indians also had stone axes called toma- 
hawks. These they threw at each other when they 
fought. 

Before going to war they painted their faces 
red and yellow and blue, and held a war dance. 



THE PEOPLE COLUMBUS FOUND 145 

They danced around in a ring and threw their 
tomahawks at the trees and leaped and yelled. 

An Indian could follow the trail of an animal 
or an enemy almost as well as a dog can. In war 
they were very cruel 
and they never fought 
as white men fight but 
hid behind trees and 
shot at the enemy. 

When they made 
peace, they buried 
their tomahawks and 
smoked the peace 
pipe. They sat in a 
circle and no one 
spoke. The pipe was 
passed around and each one smoked it for a little 
while. It was the Indians who taught the white 
men to use tobacco. 




The Indians lived in Houses 
called Wigwams. 



Their Houses 

The Indians lived in houses called wigwams. 
This is how they built one. First they got some 
poles and set them in a circle. Then they tied the 



146 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



tops of the poles together. Next they took skins 
and covered the poles, except a place for a door 
and another at the top for the smoke to go out. 

The ground itself was the floor. The fire was 
made in a hole in the middle of this floor. On 

cold nights the fire was kept up, 
for there were no bedclothes, 
and whoever got cold and awoke 
had to put more wood on the 
fire. The bed was only a mat 
or skin laid on the ground. 

The Indian Baby 

An Indian baby is called a 
papoose. The papoose was kept 
in a cradle made of deerskin, 
stuffed with moss and rushes. 
This was often strapped to a board. The baby 
was kept in the cradle day and night, A strap 
was fastened to the board, and when the mother 
went to gather wood or berries, she threw the 
cradle over her shoulder. Sometimes she would 
hang it on a branch of a tree and the wind would 
rock the baby to sleep. 




A Papoose. 



THE PEOPLE COLUMBUS FOUND 147 

The Indians were given queer names. If one 
was born on a dark day, he might be called Black 
Cloud, or if the father had killed some animal that 
day, the boy might be called Big Bear or Gray 
Wolf. Other names given to Indians were Man- 
Afraid-of-the-Thunder, Sitting Bull, Rain-in-the- 
Face, and Strong Heart. 

Making a Boat 

When an Indian made himself a boat, he cut 
two rings around a birch tree and stripped the 
bark from it without breaking the bark. Then 
he took two branches of cedar and bent them like 
two bows and tied them together for a framework. 
Then he turned the bark inside out and tied it 
to the framework and sewed the ends together 
with the roots of another tree. He found some 
wax on the bark of the fir tree and put this in the 
cracks so that it could not leak. 

"Thus the Birch Canoe was builded, 
And it floated on the river 
Like a yellow leaf in autumn, 
Like a yellow water lily." 



148 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 





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THE PEOPLE COLUMBUS FOUND 149 

The Indians To-day 

Some of them live much as they lived in the 
time of Columbus. Most of them have been 
changed by the white man's way of living. Those 
who have not changed are the older men and 
women. The younger men are taking on our 
customs and are proving themselves willing to 
learn and willing to work. 

If the white man had not made so many mis- 
takes in his treatment of the Indians, the Indians 
would probably have learned long ago to live as 
we do. 

One mistake that was made was in the schools 
they started for the Indians. In these they 
tried to make lawyers and doctors out of the 
Indians instead of teaching them how to work 
with their hands and make a living among their 
own people. Those who went through the schools 
lived among the white men instead of going back 
and teaching their people, or if they went back 
to their old homes, they could not make a living 
as a lawyer or doctor among the Indians, and so 
they went back to their old way of living. 



150 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

The schools to-day at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 
and other places teach the Indian how to do all 
kinds of work, and the Indians are becoming 
as good workers as the white men. In the West 
they do almost every kind of work that a white 
man can do. 

Some Indians have joined our army and proved 
good soldiers. Some are in the navy. In the 
West and Southwest they have become cattle 
raisers and farmers. They have built ditches 
to bring water to the land that was too dry for 
farming. They have laid the roadbeds for rail- 
roads through their lands. When the Colorado 
River was changing its course and destroying 
much farm land, the Indians built a bank or dike 
that made the river stay in its old bed. This is 
one of the biggest pieces of work they have ever 
done. 

A few Indians have been elected to Congress 
and have gone to Washington and helped to make 
the laws for our whole country. Perhaps some 
day an Indian will be elected President of the 
United States and govern the country that once 
belonged to his people. 



THE PEOPLE COLUMBUS FOUND 151 

In a book called "The Indian of To-day" George 
Bird Grinnell says: "No people are more easily 
handled ; none respond more quickly to genuine 
interest; none give more frankly and entirely 
their trust when it is shown to be deserved ; none 
are more ready to follow the good advice of the 
trusted friend." 




THE FLAG OF THE FREE 

How Our Country Was Settled 

XT IE have told how William Tell freed his 
country and how Robert Bruce freed 
Scotland. We shall now tell how our own coun- 
try became free, for we were not always a free 
people. 

After America was found, the people from dif- 
ferent countries came here to live. Those from 
Spain lived mostly in the South; those from 
France, in the North; and those from England, 
along the coast between the North and the South. 
At last there were thirteen English states, or col- 
onies as they were called. The people of these 
thirteen colonies had to obey the laws made in 
England, and most of the colonies had to ac- 
cept as governors men sent over by the king of 
England. 

Many of the people had come to America 
because they were not well treated at home and 

152 



THE FLAG OF THE FREE 153 

could not worship God as they wished. Here 
they were happy and free. 

The King Tries to Tax the Colonies 

At last a new king came to the throne of Eng- 
land. He thought the Americans had too much 
freedom. He said that they must pay taxes and 
that this money should be sent to England. 

Now the king could not tax his people in Eng- 
land, for this reason the Americans said that 
he had no right to tax his people in America. 
They also said that since Americans did not help 
to make the laws for England and America, 
they should not be taxed by those who did make 
the laws. They were willing to give money to 
help pay for the army and other things, if they 
were allowed to raise this money in their own way. 
The English would not hear to this, and at last 
war broke out. 

The man who led our army in the long war of 
seven years was George Washington. He did 
so much for the colonies that he is often called 
the Father of his Country. After the war he 
became our first president. 



154 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

Independence Declared 

When the war with England started in 1775, 
not many persons thought of setting the Ameri- 
cans free. But each colony had sent some men to 
Philadelphia to talk over what should be done. 

One day in 1776 one man said that the colonies 
ought to be free states. Some men were told to 
write out a paper to let the people of all the world 
know that we were going to have a country of 
our own and to be free from England. Thomas 
Jefferson wrote the paper, in which the others 
changed only a word or two. 

This paper is still kept in the city where our 
presidents live. It is called the Declaration of 
Independence. 

On July 4, 1776, a vote was taken and the men 
voted to sign this paper. July 4th is the birth- 
day of our country, the United States, and we 
keep the day as a holiday. 

To sign that paper was a bold thing, for if the 
men who signed it had been taken by the English, 
they would have been hanged. One of them said 
in a joking way, "We must all hang together or 



THE FLAG OF THE FREE 155 

we shall all hang separate." But they were not 
afraid. * 

One of them wrote his name in large letters. 
"There/' he said, "the king of England can read 
that without glasses." 

We ought to be glad that they were brave 
enough to sign. If they had not been, we might 
still be under the king of England. 

The bell that rang that day to tell the good 
news is still kept in Philadelphia. It is called 
the Liberty Bell. 

Choosing a Flag 

Now that there was a new country there had 
to be a flag, for every country has a flag. It is 
carried with the army into battle, and by each 
ship on the high seas to show what country owns 
it. The one who carries the flag in a battle must 
die rather than give it up to the enemy. The 
people of every country love their flag because 
it makes them think of the land they love. 

The flag for the new country, the United States, 
was chosen on June 14, 1777. June 14th is called 
Flag Day. The new flag was just like the flag 



156 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

we have to-day except that it had only thirteen 
stars. They were made in a circle. Our flag 
now has forty-eight stars, for there are now forty- 
eight states. The thirteen stripes help us to 
remember how many states there were when we 
got free from England. 

Just why the stars and stripes were chosen we 
do not know. The stars in the blue field are like 
the stars in the blue sky. The red is in the Eng- 
lish flag, and the white stripes between the red 
ones may be to show that we are separated from 
England. 

Betsy Ross 

There lived in Philadelphia a woman named 
Betsy Ross. She had often made flags for captains 
of ships. Washington and some other men went 
to Betsy Ross to get her to make a flag of the 
new kind. They took her a drawing of it. In 
the drawing the stars had six points. 

"That is wrong," said Mrs. Ross; "a star 
should have only five points." 

"Would not a star with five points be hard to 
make?" asked Washington. 



THE FLAG OF THE FREE 157 

"It is very easy," answered Betsy, "let me 
show you." 

She took a square of paper and folded it. Then 
she gave one cut with her scissors. Unfolding 
the paper, she showed them a perfect star with 
five points. Thus she had her way and the first 
flag was made with five-pointed stars. 

Every year many persons go to Philadelphia 
and one of the things which they always want to 
see is the house in which Betsy Ross lived and in 
which the first American flag was made. 

The Meaning of the Flag 

We love to think that even the colors of the 
flag have a meaning. The white says, "Be pure." 
The red says, "Be brave." The blue says, "Be 
just and true." The white should make us think 
how pure were the hearts of the men who set us 
free. The red should make us think of the blood 
that was shed to set us free. The blue should 
make us think of heaven and God without Whose 
help we could not have been set free. 

We should love our flag and we should do our best 
to keep our country what it is — the best country 
on earth. 



158 HEROES OF THE NATIONS 

A Song of the Flag 

About thirty years after we were free we had 
another war with England. Once in this war 
the English ships were trying to take an American 
fort in Baltimore. An American was on one of 
the English ships. All through the night the 
guns kept firing. 

When morning came, the American was glad 
to see that the stars and stripes still floated over 
the fort, for it had not been taken. He wrote a 
song about it, called "The Star-spangled Banner.' ' 

I shall close this book with that song, which I 
hope you will learn by heart. 

Oh ! say, can you see by the dawn's early light, 
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last 
gleaming, 
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the 
perilous fight, 
O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly 
streaming? 
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting 

in air, 
Gave proof through the night that our flag was 
still there. 



THE FLAG OF THE FREE 159 

Oh ! say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the 
brave ? 

On the shore dimly seen through the mist of the deep, 

Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence 

reposes ; 

What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, 

As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? 

Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first 

beam ; 
In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream ; 
'Tis the star-spangled banner; oh! long may 

it wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the 
brave ! 

And where is that band, who so vauntingly swore 

That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion 
A home and a country should leave us no more? 
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' 
pollution. 
No refuge could save the hireling and slave 
From the terror of flight and the gloom of the 

grave ; 
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth 

wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the 
brave ! 



160 



HEROES OF THE NATIONS 



Oh ! thus be it ever when freemen shall stand 

Between our loved home and wild war's desolation ! 
Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven-res- 
cued land 
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved 
us a nation ! 
Then conquer we must when our cause it is just ; 
And this be our motto, "In God is our trust" ; 
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall 

wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the 
brave ! 





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Printed in the United States of America. 



r "|^HE following pages contain advertisements of a 
few of the Macmillan books on kindred subjects 



T 



THE EVERYCHILD'S SERIES 

Edited by Dr. James H. Van Sickle 

Cloth, i6mo, III., 40 cents 

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DUNN : What Shall We Play? {in preparation) 

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